When are “P” and “S” endorsements required?

Popular industries for workplace violence

To prevent workplace violence, employers must first evaluate if their industry or occupation is one that is more susceptible to violent incidents. The most common industries for workplace violence include:

• Retail and sales
• Transportation and material moving
• Management and human resources
• Construction
• Manufacturing and production
• Education

Some factors at play in this susceptibility include lone or few workers, location, and stress of the job. Regardless of the industry, employers also must understand, and remain alert to, indicators or risk factors that could lead to workplace violence.

Indicators of workplace violence

Although not every risk factor or indicator can be foreseen, many continue to resurface with each workplace attack. These include:

• Unresolved grievances that simmer over time;
• Recent discipline or firing;
• Threats, harassment, or intimidation;
• Angry, belligerent, or insubordinate behaviors;
• Known alcohol or drug use;
• Idolization or fixation on violent incidents or attacks;
• Overreaction to negative feedback or blowing comments out of proportion;
• Depression, mental illness, or relational stressors (divorce, financial, health, etc.);
• Abnormal or paranoid behavior;
• Differing political, religious, or social status perceptions or beliefs; or
• Written, verbal, or social media statements indicating any of the above.

What can employers do?

Preventing workplace violence requires employers to educate, investigate, and remediate. Employers need to educate themselves and their employees about varying personalities, backgrounds, and belief systems among workers. Employers also must teach employees methods to collaboratively handle conflict and stress, so anger and tensions don’t escalate. Encouraging diverse understanding, teamwork, and cooperation can also diffuse mounting tensions.

Employers must emphasize the need for immediate reporting of harassment, bullying, threats, and simmering grievances so action can be taken to circumvent violence. Fully investigating all reports, even seemingly “insignificant” incidents, is essential for determining the best methods of resolving workplace conflict. Employers should also be aware of their own responses to workplace differences and ensure they are demonstrating the behavior they expect from workers.

Resolving conflict and stress is likely to be an ongoing process. Workplace disagreements are unavoidable when imperfect humans with varying life experiences and opinions are intertwined. But that doesn’t mean conflict can’t be controlled.

• Communication. Because many conflicts result from misunderstandings, poor information, or no information at all, communication is key. Listening without distraction, and repeating information to ensure clear and accurate information will help prevent conflict.
• Training and counseling. Not every employee has had the luxury of attending a Dale Carnegie course on winning friends and influencing people. So, take time to train employees to identify and understand others’ differences, natural tensions, and how to handle conflict in a productive manner. Counsel workers on when to pick their battles or how to use conflict as a team-building or professional growth opportunity.
• Developing workplace policies and security procedures. Defining and documenting expected behavior will also help de-escalate conflicts. Employees who understand what is expected of them and know the consequences of their actions will be more apt to work through their differences than to lash out.

Keys to remember

Most violent workplace incidents are preceded by warning signs. Employers and employees must be focused on the warning signs so situations can be handled proactively and respectfully. Education regarding workplace violence and conflict management, as well as early reporting and investigation of tensions can help diffuse conflict and avoid violence.

Proposed legislation

Bipartisan legislation has recently been introduced in the House that would require businesses to provide restroom access to truckers who are loading or delivering cargo at their warehouses, manufacturers, distribution centers, retailers, and ports.

Supported by leading organizations in the trucking industry, the Trucker Bathroom Access Act (H.R. 9592) was introduced on Dec. 15, 2022. The bill requires retailers, warehouses, and other establishments with existing restrooms to provide access to drivers who are loading or delivering cargo. Additionally, operators of ports and marine terminals must provide access for drayage and parking while accessing such restrooms.

This amendment to Title 49 would exempt some employers from the bill including filling and service stations, and restaurants 800-square feet or smaller with restrooms intended for employee use only. The bill doesn’t require employers to construct new restrooms but to give truck drivers the same access as employees or customers.

Your restroom availability affects their health

Commercial truckers and delivery drivers are the lifeline of our supply chain of supplies, products, and consumables. Working tirelessly all hours, during holidays and weekends, and throughout the pandemic, they continue to deliver critical food and emergency supplies to companies everywhere. Employers have the privilege of demonstrating gratitude to truckers and delivery drivers with a positive work environment.

The benefits of allowing truckers and delivery drivers the convenience and safety of readily available, sanitary restroom facilities are plenty. They’re able to rest and reset when necessary, which keeps them and others safer on the roads. Equally important, restroom availability prevents drivers from having to search for available facilities elsewhere, allowing them to keep a timely delivery schedule, limit supply chain delays, and ultimately lower costs for employers and customers.

Keys to remember

The proposed Trucker Bathroom Access Act will require retailers, warehouses, and other establishments with existing restrooms to provide access to truckers and delivery drivers who are loading or delivering cargo. Access to restrooms keeps them refreshed and ready to deliver essential supplies to companies across the country.

What happened?

Originally intended for construction waste disposal, the site eventually turned into a dumping ground for hazardous industrial materials. Investigations found plastics, asbestos, industrial chemicals, and carcinogenic substances illegally dumped, creating an environmental and public health hazard. These materials fuel fires, continuously releasing toxic smoke into the air. Residents have reported respiratory problems, skin irritation, and other health issues while authorities struggle to contain the situation. Even though this incident occurred in London, we can learn plenty of valuable lessons from it. Here’s how employers can take proactive measures to ensure compliance, protect workers, and prevent environmental harm.

1. Implement a robust hazardous waste management plan

A hazardous waste management plan should:

• Include waste classifications (reactive, corrosive, etc.) and an inventory of all hazardous materials used and generated;
• Ensure all storage and handling procedures, including labeling, segregation of incompatible waste, spill prevention, and containment measures, are followed;
• Document all waste accumulation and disposal methods, specifying the storage time limits for waste and the methods used for its disposal, such as incineration, recycling, or third-party handling; and
• Provide information on personal protective equipment (PPE) requirements, emergency contact information, reporting procedures, and an evacuation plan in case of a spill.

2. Train employees on hazardous waste handling

Train personnel on their roles and responsibilities when handling hazardous waste. Training should include:

• Initial and refresher training that complies with the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and state laws,
• Identifying unsafe practices and reporting potential violations.

3. Conduct routine inspections and audits

• Perform internal audits to ensure compliance with RCRA regulations.
• Schedule third-party audits to identify risks and areas of improvement.
• Create a corrective action plan for any violations or inefficiencies discovered during audits.

4. Use licensed and certified waste disposal services

The primary reason behind illegal waste dumping is financial. We all know it is not cheap to dispose of hazardous waste, but waste generators are responsible for their waste from “cradle to grave.”

• Conduct due diligence to verify disposal methods to prevent third-party illegal dumping.
• Maintain records of manifest, disposal certificate, and compliance documentation.

5. Secure and label waste properly

• Labels should include “hazardous waste” clearly visible on the container, generator information, accumulation start date, proper shipping name, and waste identification.
• Store hazardous waste in compatible containers to prevent leaks or spills.

6. Reduce hazardous waste by using safer alternatives

One of the most effective ways to prevent hazardous waste incidents is to reduce reliance on them in the first place. By switching to safer alternatives, employers can lower their risk of exposure. Industries now offer eco-friendly coatings, adhesives, and cleaning agents that perform well without all the side effects. Safer alternatives also reduce compliance costs by lowering the burdens for hazardous waste disposal.

The disaster in London is a stark reminder of the consequences of negligent hazardous waste management. Businesses that cut corners on waste disposal risk legal penalties and contribute to long-term environmental and public health damage.  

Keys to remember: Employers can protect their workforce, comply with regulations, and prevent environmental disasters by adopting proactive waste management strategies.

What is used oil?

The EPA defines used oil as any petroleum-based or synthetic oil that has been used and is contaminated by physical or chemical impurities. Common sources of used oil in industrial operations include:

• Motor oil and lubricants from vehicle maintenance
• Hydraulic fluids used in heavy machinery
• Metalworking fluids and coolants
• Compressor oils used in air compression systems

According to EPA regulations (40 CFR Part 279), used oil is presumed to be managed under the less stringent used oil management standards unless it meets hazardous waste criteria.

Used oil becomes hazardous waste if:

• It is mixed with hazardous waste (e.g., solvents or heavy metals)
• It contains more than 1,000 parts per million (ppm) of total halogens, unless proven otherwise, or
• It is disposed of improperly, leading to environmental contamination.

If used oil is classified as hazardous waste, it must be managed in accordance with the applicable solid and hazardous waste requirements.

EPA requirements for used oil disposal

The EPA requirements for used oil consist of three different aspects, as outlined below.

1. Storage Requirements

Use leak-proof tanks and containers made of durable, non-earthen materials (e.g., steel, plastic, or concrete). Label all used oil containers with the words "Used Oil" to prevent misidentification. Prevent leaks and spills by using secondary containment systems and regularly inspecting tanks. Never mix used oil with hazardous waste unless authorized.

2. Transportation and Disposal

Used oil generators may transport up to 55 gallons of used oil to a registered collection center without an EPA ID number. If contracting a used oil transporter, ensure they have an EPA Identification Number.

Used oil must be:

• Recycled or re-refined into new oil.
• Burned for energy recovery in approved furnaces or boilers.
• Disposed of at an authorized hazardous waste facility if deemed hazardous.

3. Spill Prevention and Cleanup

Facilities storing large amounts of used oil must have a Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) Plan. SPCC plans establish procedures, methods, and equipment requirements to prevent oil from reaching waterways, and to contain discharges of oil.

Any spills must be cleaned up immediately, and absorbent materials must be disposed of properly. Rags and shop towels contaminated with hazardous materials may be classified as hazardous waste.

OSHA regulations for handling used oil

While the EPA focuses on environmental compliance, OSHA (29 CFR Part 1910) regulates worker safety when handling used oil. Key OSHA requirements include:

1. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Workers handling used oil must wear gloves and protective clothing to prevent skin exposure. Safety goggles or face shields are also important to avoid eye contact.

2. Hazard communication (HazCom) program

Employers must label all used oil containers with appropriate hazard information and train employees on safe handling procedures and emergency response.

3. Fire and Explosion Safety

Always store used oil away from ignition sources to prevent fire hazards. Ensure storage areas are ventilated to avoid vapor buildup.

State-Specific used oil disposal regulations

Many states have stricter used oil regulations than federal laws. For example:

• California classifies used oil as hazardous waste unless it meets specific recycling criteria.
• Texas requires additional storage permits for large generators.
• New York mandates annual reporting on used oil disposal activities.

To ensure compliance, check with your state’s environmental agency for state-specific used oil disposal rules and whether used oil is considered hazardous. Additional permits for transporting or processing used oil may be necessary.

Staying compliant with used oil disposal requirements

Ensuring compliance with EPA, OSHA, and state laws is essential for safety managers and shop supervisors handling used oil. By following proper storage, transportation, and disposal practices, businesses can reduce environmental risks, improve workplace safety, and avoid costly fines.

Key to remember: By staying informed and proactive, your facility can maintain safe, sustainable, and compliant used oil management practices.

The basics of logging exemptions

To be able to use this logging exemption in 395.1(e)(1), the driver must:

• Stay within 150 air-miles of the work reporting location for the day (draw a 150 air-mile radius circle around the work reporting location for the day — the driver must stay within this circle),
• Be back to — and released from — the work reporting location for his/her 8- or 10-hour break within 14 hours, and
• Include the starting and ending times for the day and the total hours on duty on the time record for the day.

The company must retain the time record and have it available for inspection for six months.

What if the driver goes too far or works too many hours?

If the driver cannot meet the terms of the exemption (he or she goes too far or works too many hours), the driver must complete a regular driver’s log for the day as soon as the exemption no longer applies.

If the driver has had to complete a log 8 or fewer days out of the last 30 days, the driver can use a paper log for the day. If the driver had to complete a log more than 8 days out of the last 30 days, the driver needs to use an electronic log for the day (unless one of the ELD exemptions applies, such as operating a vehicle older than model year 2000).

30-minute break exemption

When a property-carrying driver is operating under the 150 air-mile exemption, the driver is also exempt from having to take the required 30-minute break (see 395.3(a)(3)(ii)).

If the driver began the day as a 150 air-mile driver and has driven more than 8 consecutive hours without a break, and something unexpected happens and the driver can no longer use the 150 air-mile exemption, the driver must stop and immediately take the 30-minute break as well as start logging. If the driver went outside of the 150 air-mile area before the driver had 8 hours of driving without a break from driving, the driver would be expected to take the break at the appropriate time.

Common myths

Here are some of the common myths and misunderstandings about the 150 air-mile exemption:

• The driver must have the time records in the vehicle. Myth. The driver simply needs to explain to an officer during a roadside inspection that he/she does not have logs due to operating under the 150 air-mile exemption and that the required time records are back at the carrier’s office (just telling the officer, “I don’t have any logs” will lead to a violation, so the driver needs to know to provide the full explanation).
• The driver must log the previous seven days if he/she had been using this exemption and suddenly can’t. Myth. If the driver cannot use the exemption on one particular day, that is the only day the driver must use a regular log (either paper or electronic).
• Passenger-carrying drivers and drivers hauling hazardous materials cannot use this exemption. Myth. There are no restrictions on the use of this exemption, so any commercial driver can use it.
• A driver that crosses state lines cannot use this exemption. Myth. As this exemption appears in the Federal Motor Carrier Administration (FMCSA) regulations, it can be used by interstate drivers.
• Only drivers that operate out of a “company terminal” can use the 150 air-mile exemption. Myth. As long as the driver makes it back to the work reporting location for the day within the appropriate number of hours, the driver can use the exemption.
• Drivers that move from one jobsite to another every few weeks cannot use this exemption. Myth. If a driver that normally uses this exemption switches work reporting locations, the day the driver switches work reporting locations is the only day the driver cannot use the exemption.
• Drivers covered by this exemption are also exempt from the driver qualification (licensing and medical cards), driving, and vehicle inspection requirements. Myth. The only rules the driver is exempt from are the logging requirement in 395.8 and the 30-minute break requirement in 395.3.
• The driver cannot drive more than 150 miles for the day. Myth. The driver can drive as many miles as he/she wants to or needs to, as long as the driver stays within the 150 air-mile radius circle and gets back to the work reporting location within the appropriate number of hours.
• If a 150 air-mile driver gets into a vehicle with an ELD, the driver must use it. Myth. The carrier can have the driver log in and have the driver entered into the system as an “exempt driver,” or the carrier can request that the driver not log into the device and then attach a comment to the unassigned driving time generated by the driver’s movements. The comment would need to explain that the driver using the vehicle was a 150 air-mile driver who submitted a time record. It is up to the carrier to decide which option to use. If stopped for a roadside inspection, the driver will need to be able to explain to the inspector that he/she is an exempt driver using the 150 air-mile exemption, so using the electronic log is not required.

What’s different with the ‘150 air-mile non-CDL property-carrying drivers’

The 150 air-mile exemption at 395.1(e)(2) only applies to drivers that: Operate property-carrying vehicles that do not require a CDL to operate, and Stay within the 150 air-miles of their work reporting location.

If the driver stays within the 150 air-mile radius of the work reporting location, and returns to the work reporting location within 14 hours on 5 of the last 7 days, and 16 hours on 2 of the last seven days, the driver is allowed to use a time record in place of a log.

If the driver does not meet the terms of the exception, the driver will need to complete a log for the day. If the driver had to log more than 8 days out of the last 30 days, the driver will need to use an electronic log for the day. All of the other issues discussed above would apply to these drivers as well.

Managing the use

If you have drivers that use these exemptions, you will need to check time records to make sure they are complying with the appropriate time limits. You will also need to check movement records to verify that the drivers using these exemptions are staying within the mandated area (within 150 air-miles of the work reporting location for the day).

If a driver is over the hours limit, or has gone too far, you need to verify that the submitted a log for the day, either paper or electronic, depending on how many days the driver had to log out of the previous 30 days.

Verifying compliance is important

During an audit, if it is discovered that your drivers are using these exemptions incorrectly, you will be cited for not having drivers’ logs when required. Each day this occurred will be another violation, so the fine could be rather large if you are not managing the use of these exemptions!

1. Medical card expiration dates

On April 1, 2025, new versions of commercial driver medical cards and physical exam forms were posted by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) on its website.

The Medical Examination Report (MER) MCSA-5875, also called the "Long Form," and the Medical Examiner’s Certification (MCSA-5876), or the "Fed Med" card, were approved by the Office of Management and Budget on March 27, 2025. However, they were not available on the FMCSA website until April 1, 2025.

The changes include only the new expiration date of March 31, 2028, and a revision date of March 27, 2025. FMCSA expects medical examiners to start using the new forms as soon as possible, but they can still use their old forms with the 3/31/2025 expiration date until they run out.

• The catch is that states are encouraged by FMCSA, not required, to accept these cards dated 3/31/2025 from Commercial Driver's License (CDL) drivers but most do.

2. Over 15,000 driver exams falsified

The FMCSA voided over 15,000 unexpired Medical Examiner Certificates, issued by two certified medical examiners who are chiropractors in the Houston area, between March 2023 and March 2025. The 15,225 drivers impacted may still operate a commercial vehicle, but they must obtain a new certificate from a different medical examiner listed on the National Registry of Certified Medical Examiners (NRCME) by May 10, 2025.

Drivers who don’t obtain new certificates by May 10 will have their CDL downgraded, which means they won't be able to compliantly operate a commercial vehicle.

3. CDL driver medical certification integration

A third important update affects CDL drivers only. By June 23, 2025, all State Driver Licensing Agencies (SDLAs) must be connected to the NRCME. This system is where examiners enter medical certification information after each exam.

Each state will switch to the new process once their system can receive CDL driver medical certification information, which will appear on the motor vehicle record (MVR). A copy of a CDL driver’s MVR must still be in the driver’s qualification file after each exam.

What’s changing by June 23, 2025:

• CDL drivers won’t need to self-certify each medical card with the SDLA.
• CDL drivers are not required to be issued a medical card, so they must ask for one from the examiner to have proof of the new certification ( It takes 2-5 days to update the MVR).
• Carriers won’t need to note that the examiner was on the NRCME on the date of the exam, but should still get a CDL driver's medical card copy until the MVR is updated.

CDL drivers and carriers should check the SDLA websites for their transition dates and instructions on CDL driver medical certification. FMCSA's list of states that have transitioned are at the link below:

States that have transitioned

Keys to remember: Carriers and CDL drivers must understand how the medical certification changes will impact keeping medically qualified drivers on the road and to avoid unethical examiners.

‘State and local laws’

A violation of 392.2 is a violation of a local or state law, regulation, or ordinance. These must be obeyed due to 392.2, which reads, “Every commercial motor vehicle must be operated in accordance with the laws, ordinances, and regulations of the jurisdiction in which it is being operated.”

The confusion is that there are no paragraphs in 392.2, so there technically should be no letters following that section. However, to inform the driver, carrier, and the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) what particular state or local law or regulation was involved, FMCSA has developed a system of suffix codes. The letters following “392.2” – the “suffix” — show which state or local law or regulation was involved.

When one of these codes is used, the officer should include a description of the specific violation in the “violation details” area on the actual inspection report. FYI: Summary roadside inspection reports (such as the ones visible in CSA’s SMS) do not show these details.

Not all 392.2 violations are used in CSA

Not all of these state and local law or regulation violations are used by the FMCSA for scoring purposes. The Compliance, Safety, Accountability (CSA) Safety Measurement System (SMS) does not use the 392.2 violations that cannot be tied to crash causation. Here are a couple of examples: 392.2UCR Failure to pay UCR fee and 392.2W Size and weight are not used.

Most common 392.2 violations

Below are the top 10392.2violations written during 2021. All of these violations are safety-related, and therefore used in the CSA SMS for scoring. The BASIC within the SMS the violation is scored in is shown following the violation description.

1. 392.2SLLS2 Speeding 6-10 miles per hour over the speed limit (Unsafe Driving)
2. 392.2C Failure to obey traffic control device (Unsafe Driving)
3. 392.2LV Lane Restriction violation (Unsafe Driving)
4. 392.2SLLS3 Speeding 11-14 miles per hour over the speed limit (Unsafe Driving)
5. 392.2WC Wheel (Mud) flaps missing or defective (Vehicle Maintenance)
6. 392.2SLLS4 Speeding 15 or more miles per hour over the speed limit (Unsafe Driving)
7. 392.2ML Failure to maintain lane (Unsafe Driving)
8. 392.2SLLSWZ Speeding work/construction zone (Unsafe Driving)
9. 392.2PK Unlawfully parking and/or leaving vehicle in the roadway (Unsafe Driving)
10. 392.2FC Following too close (Unsafe Driving)

Key to remember

In general, FMCSA does not write traffic codes. They rely on local and state agencies to do that. When state or local traffic codes are violated, it appears on a roadside inspection report as a violation of 392.2, with a suffix indicating which traffic code was involved.

When are same-gender observers required?

There are two types of collections that require a person of the same gender: monitored collections and collections performed under direct observation.

Monitored collections are used when the employee being tested must provide the specimen in a multi-stall restroom that cannot be secured, e.g., the water cannot be shut off or soap dispensers can’t be secured. In these instances, the collection must be monitored, meaning that a person of the same gender as the person providing the specimen must be in the bathroom — but not the stall — while the person provides the specimen. The only exception to the same-gender rule in a monitored collection is if the monitor is a medical professional, i.e., an individual licensed or certified to practice in the jurisdiction in which the collection takes place.

In the instance of a direct observation, the person providing the specimen must be observed by someone of the same gender as the urine specimen is collected. If the collector is not the same gender as the individual being tested, then an observer of the same gender may be used. An observer is not required to be a qualified collector.

Collections are performed under direct observation when:

• The test is a return-to-duty or follow-up test,
• The collector observes materials brought to the collection site,
• The employee’s conduct clearly indicates an attempt to tamper with a specimen,
• The temperature on the original specimen is out of range, and
• The original specimen appears to have been tampered with.

Recollections are performed under direct observation when:

• The laboratory reports to the medical review officer (MRO) that a specimen is invalid, and the MRO cannot identify an adequate medical explanation for the result;
• The MRO reports that the original positive, adulterated, or substituted test result had to be cancelled because the test of the split specimen could not be performed; and
• The lab reports to the MRO that the specimen was negative-dilute with a creatinine concentration outside of the normal range.

It’s up to the motor carrier to comply

It’s important that motor carriers understand the situations in which a person of the same gender must be available to monitor or observe a urine collection for a Department of Transportation (DOT) drug test so that the carrier doesn’t inadvertently violate the regulations.

For example, the motor carrier has a male driver who needs to complete six follow-up tests to resolve a DOT drug violation. The carrier notifies the driver to report immediately to the collection site to take the first of the six follow-up tests. Because this is a follow-up test, the collection must be performed under direct observation, but the entire staff at the collection site that day is female. The driver’s follow-up test cannot be performed that day unless arrangements are made to send the driver as soon as possible to a different facility that has a male observer available. If the test is not completed that day, the carrier will have to send the driver on another day, but now the motor carrier is in violation of 40.309(b) of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSRs), since the driver is now aware of and has advance notice of the follow-up test.

Be proactive

So, what can a carrier do to ensure a collection site has collectors, monitors, and/or observers of both genders available? Part 40 grants employers the right to conduct site visits to ensure that service agents are compliant with the FMCSRs. If this isn’t something you’ve done in a while — or at all — you may want to take some time to visit your collection site. While there, ask whether the site has employees of both genders available during all of the collection site’s business hours. If not, you may want to consider looking for another collection site.

And when the appointment is made for a test requiring direct observation, the employer should confirm that someone of the same gender as the driver is available at the time of the appointment.

3 reasons why recruiting and hiring are difficult

Survey participants gave feedback on why this aspect of HR is so grueling, saying that:

1. Finding qualified, interested workers is hard.
2. Having a discrepancy between what they can offer and what job candidates’ expectations are is a challenge.
3. Experiencing high turnover rates is daunting.

“Finding smart, skilled employees with a good work ethic is difficult,” one respondent said.

“It’s hard to recruit when people always want a higher salary,” another respondent mentioned.

How does remote work fit in?

A majority of survey respondents said they weren’t planning to make changes to their remote work policy this year. The breakdown is as follows:

• 57 percent – Keeping the remote work policy as is.
• 17 percent – Bringing employees into the office more frequently.
• 15 percent – Offering more remote work.
• 12 percent – Unsure.

In response to the question, “Are you seeing differences by generation in attitudes about remote work at your workplace?” respondents said:

• 48 percent – Yes, younger workers are more interested.
• 43 percent – No, we’re seeing the same attitude regardless of generation.
• 9 percent – Yes, older workers are more interested.

It’s more than finding the right employees

Recruiting is more than just attracting applicants. Part of successful recruiting is public relations. This includes promoting the company name on hiring platforms and social media. Name recognition and a positive public image are all a part of the process.

That’s why it’s important to keep job candidates informed of developments throughout the hiring process. Those who are interviewed, but never hear back one way or the other, are likely left with a bad impression of a company.

Applicants who have a bad experience often tell others, and before long, there could be a negative impression of the company in the community and beyond.

Steps employers can take for a smoother process include:

• Acknowledge receipt of applications or resumes,
• Keep job candidates updated on their status during the interviewing process,
• Inform job candidates of when they might hear something after an interview, and
• Issue a prompt rejection letter if an applicant is no longer being considered.

Key to remember: A recent J. J. Keller survey highlights challenges in the recruiting and hiring process. But it’s about more than just attracting applicants.

FMLA certification basics

Employers aren’t required to use certifications, but if they do, the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) has five different certification forms to use for various FMLA leave situations.

The forms are as follows:

1. Certification of Health Care Provider for Employee's Serious Health Condition,
2. Certification of Health Care Provider for Family Member's Serious Health Condition,
3. Certification of Qualifying Exigency for Military Family Leave,
4. Certification for Serious Injury or Illness of a Current Servicemember for Military Family Leave, and
5. Certification for Serious Injury or Illness of a Veteran for Military Family Leave.

Let’s focus on the first two, as these are the most common ones HR administrators use.

Who can fill out an FMLA certification?

The FMLA regulations describe the person who has the authority to fill out a certification as a “health care provider.” The good news is, the regulations include a lengthy list of medical professionals who fit this role.

Under the FMLA, a health care provider includes:

• A doctor of medicine or osteopathy,
• A podiatrist,
• A dentist,
• A clinical psychologist,
• An optometrist,
• A chiropractor (limited to manual manipulation of the spine as demonstrated by X-ray),
• A nurse practitioner,
• A nurse midwife,
• A clinical social worker,
• A physician assistant,
• A Christian Science practitioner, and
• Any health care provider from whom the employer or the employer's group health plan's benefits manager will accept a medical certification to substantiate a claim for benefits.

To be qualified to fill out FMLA forms, medical professionals must be authorized to practice in the state and perform within the scope of their practice. This means that the provider must be authorized to diagnose and treat physical or mental health conditions.

What about doctors in a foreign country?

If an employee or an employee's family member is visiting another country, or a family member resides in another country, and a serious health condition develops, the employer must accept a medical certification from a health care provider who practices in that country. This includes second and third opinions.

If a medical certification from a foreign health care provider is not in English, the employee may be required to provide a written translation of the certification.

Key to remember: The FMLA regulations spell out which medical professionals can fill out certification forms.

WPV rule has been long on the radar

Meanwhile, OSHA’s own WVP rulemaking effort has been in the works for almost a decade (since April 2016). It too is intended to cover HCSA work settings. Things heated up in 2023. That’s when the agency issued a draft outline of the regulatory text and completed a small business panel report.

At that point, the agency was free to issue a proposed rule. The Fall 2024 agenda indicates that the last administration hoped to issue the proposal in June 2025. The upcoming Spring 2025 agenda may reveal the agency’s new priorities.

Bills’ sponsors leading the charge

Representative Joe Courtney (D-CT) commented, “Our legislation would put proven tactics into practice in hospitals and healthcare settings across the country to prevent violence before it happens. I’m grateful for the bipartisan coalition — backed by the support of the workers directly affected by this violence — who has worked tirelessly to move this legislation forward year after year.”

“We rely on our healthcare workers every day to protect our communities, and in turn, we need to protect them from senseless acts of violence,” argues Senator Tammy Baldwin (D-WI), “That’s why I am introducing legislation to give our healthcare professionals long-overdue basic protections, helping address our healthcare workforce shortage and keeping our frontline heroes safe.”

OSHA to take stab at interim final rule first

If either bill becomes law, it will direct OSHA to issue an interim final rule (not just a proposed rule) within one year. Prior to issuing the interim final rule, the agency would publish a notice with a 30-day comment period.

The interim rule must be based on “Guidelines for Preventing Workplace Violence for Healthcare and Social Service Workers,” a booklet published by OSHA in 2015. In addition, the rule would call for employers with certain HCSA settings to develop and implement a comprehensive workplace violence prevention plan (WVPP) within six months. While the rule would need to take effect no later than 30 days after issuance, delayed compliance dates are allowed to phase in engineering controls.

If OSHA fails to issue the interim rule on time, the provisions in the bill would take effect one year after enactment. OSHA would also be required to enforce those provisions. They would remain in place until the agency issues an interim final rule.

Proposed rule then final rule to hit later

Within two years after the Act’s enactment, OSHA would also be obligated to publish a proposed WPV for HCSA rule. A permanent final rule would follow no later than 42 months after enactment of the Act. The permanent rule can be no less protective than any workplace violence standard adopted in California, Washington state, or any other state-plan state.

The two bills list covered facilities and exclusions. Mandated regulatory provisions of a permanent rule would include:

• Written WVPP,
• Violent incident investigation,
• Training and education,
• Recordkeeping and records access,
• Annual reporting to OSHA,
• Annual WVPP evaluation,
• WVPP updates, and
• Anti-retaliation.

OSHA can target work violence violations without a rule

Right now, there’s no federal OSHA standard on workplace violence. Yet, OSHA can cite and has cited section 5(a)(1), the General Duty Clause, of the Occupational Safety and Health Act when the agency finds employers that expose workers to this recognized hazard. While the two bills and even the upcoming OSHA rulemaking focus on just HCSA settings, General Duty Clause citations can be used in ANY industry with work violence hazards.

Key to remember

Lawmakers re-introduced companion bills (H.R. 2531 and S. 1232) to require OSHA to issue an interim WPV final rule within one year. Just one of the bills must pass both the House and Senate before it can be signed into law. Meanwhile, all eyes will be on OSHA's upcoming Spring Agenda to see if the existing WPV rulemaking will be a priority during this administration.

What prompted the concern?

To determine if someone could safely work alone in a specific situation, the first step is to evaluate why that concern arose. Questions to consider might include:

• What hazards will the employee face, and what is the likelihood the employee will need help in an emergency? Consider both the probability of an incident as well as the severity.
• Did the concern arise because of external threats, such as a security guard who could face a violent situation? Or did the concern arise because of job hazards, such as working with dangerous equipment? How can those hazards be reduced or eliminated?
• Will the employee have a cell phone and designated contact? Will another employee or manager be on call? How long would someone else take to respond?

Keep in mind that unless security cameras are continually monitored, they do not provide any protection for lone workers. If an incident occurs, video recordings might help determine what happened, but cameras cannot prevent an incident from occurring.

For related information, see our article One is the loneliest number: Five steps to lone worker safety.

Trusting the worker

When a job requires working alone, the employer will presumably select a responsible and trustworthy employee. The employer should train that person to recognize hazards, use caution, and avoid any tasks that create an unacceptable level of risk. Lone workers must understand that they are responsible for their own safety and should carefully consider the potential consequences of any actions. If they have to stop and think about whether they can perform a specific task safely, then skipping that task may be best.

Supervisors should be wary of reprimanding lone workers for “not doing the job.” If tasks were not completed because lone workers felt uncomfortable, they should be praised for prioritizing their safety and refusing to put themselves at risk. Supervisors should not inadvertently encourage them to take risks. Instead, ask the employee to explain why they could not complete the task and try to think of alternative procedures that might get the job done with lower risk.

Establishing a check-in procedure could also be an option. Determine how the worker should check in, with whom, and how frequently. That could mean calling a manager before starting a particular task and again upon completion. In addition, decide on a response if the employee misses a call. Will the manager visit the site to check on the worker? For related information, see our article Lone Workers: A recommended policy.

Employers must balance the potential risks to someone working alone against the costs of scheduling a second worker. Options may range from having someone on call to simply delaying specific projects until additional workers are on duty.

Key to remember: OSHA does not prohibit employees from working alone, but employers should carefully evaluate the hazards and ensure that lone workers do not take unnecessary risks.

Why pre-job planning matters

Falls happen quickly and without warning, especially in the fast-paced and often unpredictable environment of a construction site. Pre-job planning creates the framework for identifying potential hazards and implementing strategies to eliminate or control them before work begins.

It also ensures that everyone — from seasoned crew members to new hires — understands how to protect themselves and their coworkers.

OSHA training requirements

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) mandates that all workers exposed to fall hazards receive training. This training must be conducted before any exposure and must be led by a competent person — someone capable of identifying hazards and authorized to take corrective action.

The training must cover:

• How to recognize fall hazards,
• How to minimize exposure to those hazards, and
• How to use fall protection systems correctly.

Additionally, employers are required to maintain a written certification record that includes:

• The employee’s name or identifier,
• The date(s) of the training, and
• The trainer’s or employer’s signature.

Retraining is necessary whenever there’s reason to believe a worker lacks the required knowledge or skills. Annual refresher training is encouraged as a best practice.

Preventing falls with pre-job planning

Before you and your workers ever step foot on a construction jobsite, you need to think strategically about the work environment and how you’re going to keep your employees safe.

Once you have determined that your workers will likely be exposed to fall hazards on your next jobsite, you need to develop your plans for fall prevention.

OSHA allows employers to choose from a variety of fall protection systems, including:

• Guardrails,
• Safety nets,
• Personal fall arrest systems,
• Positioning devices,
• Warning lines,
• Controlled access zones,
• Safety monitoring systems,
• Floor hole covers, and
• Fall protection plans.

If workers are responsible for installing or maintaining any of these systems, they must be trained in the correct procedures, including:

• Inspecting all equipment for wear or damage,
• Following manufacturer instructions when setting up or breaking down systems, and
• Performing regular checks during use to maintain safety standards.

You should also try to think outside the box and determine if there are other safety alternatives that would better protect workers from fall hazards.

For example, get in the habit of asking yourself: “Which would be the safest way for my workers to reach/access/work from this area?”

Perhaps it means using a ladder. Or an aerial lift. Or a scissor lift. Or maybe it involves installing a temporary guardrail on the roof, walkway, or work platform.

Preventing falls with regular toolbox talks

To effectively reduce the risk of falls, your pre-job safety meetings and ongoing training sessions remind workers how to identify fall hazards. Every jobsite is different, and hazards can change daily. Workers must be trained to spot common fall risks, such as:

• Unprotected edges,
• Floor holes or openings,
• Unstable surfaces, and
• Work performed from heights (e.g., ladders, scaffolds, aerial lifts, and roofs).

Remind workers to:

• Inspect their work areas before starting the job,
• Report unsafe conditions like missing guardrails or slippery surfaces, and
• Stay aware of environmental factors (rain, ice, wind) that can increase fall risks.

Construction environments are dynamic. Encourage workers to perform ongoing hazard assessments as conditions evolve.

Building a culture of fall prevention

Preventing falls isn’t just about checking boxes for compliance. It’s about creating a culture where safety is ingrained in every task, every day. By taking fall protection seriously during pre-job planning, employers show their commitment to protecting workers’ lives.

From mandatory training to consistent equipment checks, every precaution counts. With proactive planning and education, construction teams can work confidently at heights, knowing they’ve done everything possible to stay safe.

Key to remember: With thoughtful pre-job planning, comprehensive training, and a commitment to safety, we can reduce fall injuries and fatalities on construction sites.

OSHA’s announcement on helmets vs. hard hats

OSHA released a Safety and Health Bulletin (SHIB 11-22-2023) on November 22, 2023, detailing the key differences and benefits of using modern safety helmets over traditional hard hats.

And just a few weeks later, in the December 11, 2023 Trade Release, the Agency announced it would now require its inspectors to wear Type II head protection, which is also commonly referred to as safety helmets.

The two main benefits of Type II safety helmets

The November 22, 2023 SHIB discussed two main benefits of choosing modern safety helmets over traditional hard hats -- the construction of materials and the use of chinstraps.

And while OSHA has recognized the benefits of Type II safety helmets, and is actively taking steps to protect its own employees, it’s important to understand that there is not a new requirement for employers to make the switch to safety helmets.

That being said, a growing number of employers have recognized the benefits of added head protection and are choosing to use Type II helmets for their workers. In addition, some clients are starting to contractually require their construction contractors to make the switch as well.

Understanding the different types of head protection

Hard hats will have a Type I or Type II rating on the manufacturer’s sticker. These markings are based on ANSI Z89.1’s impact ratings.

Type I hard hats protect from objects or impacts from the top center area of the hard hat and are often used in work areas with no lateral head impact hazards.

Type II hard hats, on the other hand, offers protection from both top and lateral impacts and objects and is often found on construction job sites or complex general industry settings where workers face multiple head contact exposures.

Hard hats are classified based on their level of voltage protection. See the chart below.

Choosing the right head protection for your employees

Employers should conduct a job hazard analysis and/or a PPE assessment to determine which style hard hat is best for their workers. In general, OSHA recommends the use of Type II safety helmets at the following locations:

1. Construction Sites: For construction sites, especially those with high risks of falling objects and debris, impacts from equipment, or slips, trips, and falls, safety helmets have enhanced impact resistance and additional features that offer superior protection compared to the components and construction of traditional hard hats.

2. Oil and Gas Industry: In these sectors where workers face multiple hazards, including potential exposure to chemicals and severe impacts, safety helmets with additional features can provide comprehensive protection.

3. Working from Heights: For tasks or jobs that involve working from heights, safety helmets offer protection of the entire head and include features that prevent the safety helmet from falling off.

4. Electrical Work: For tasks involving electrical work or proximity to electrical hazards, safety helmets with non-conductive materials (Class G and Class E) provide protection to prevent electrical shocks. However, some traditional hard hats also offer electrical protection.

5. High-Temperature Environments: In high temperatures or where there is exposure to molten materials, safety helmets with advanced heat-resistant properties can provide additional protection to workers.

Key to remember: While there isn’t a new requirement for safety helmets, employers should review their workplace hazards to determine which style of hard hat will best protect their employees.

Two studies

In 2022, FSIS contracted two studies to see how much faster line speeds actually impact worker safety at 17 facilities. These facilities were poultry and swine evisceration plants with line speed waivers.

During the studies, the plants submitted worker safety data. Researchers interviewed workers and analyzed footage of plant workers. They also measured muscle activity, posture, and repetition. Finally, the researchers calculated the risk of upper extremity pain and musculoskeletal injury for workers at higher versus lower speeds.

Findings

In January 2025, two final reports were sent to FSIS (here and here). They conclude:

• Workers are at greater risk of a musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) when the piece rate is higher. Piece rate is the number of animal parts a worker handles per minute.
• About 40 percent of workers in both studies reported moderate/severe pain in the last year.
• More than 80 percent of the workers were at increased risk of MSDs in the poultry study. This compared to over 45 percent in the swine study.

“Line speeds” were determined not to be the leading factor in worker MSD risk at these plants, claims FSIS. Yet, the reports offer insights into how line speeds and other factors may work together to contribute to workers’ overall risk.

Former Acting Secretary of Labor Julie Su said on January 13th, “The findings in USDA's report on worker safety in poultry and swine plants show that injuries, including chronic pain and musculoskeletal disorders are too common. These kinds of injuries often go unreported." In fact, a 2016 Government Accountability Office (GAO) report explains that OSHA faces challenges in gathering injury and illness rates for the meat and poultry industry because of underreporting.

Recommendations

All facilities are encouraged to review the two reports. Plus, FSIS advises facilities to examine their own worker safety plans, regardless of operating line speed. In this way, they may determine how they can protect their workers’ health. The reports go on to recommend that meat and poultry companies consider developing an industry-wide set of best practices that reflect input from both workers and companies. Proposed best practices include:

• Lowering the piece rate by, for example, raising the number of staff;
• Improving medical management programs to assess ongoing pain as a metric of exposure to ergonomic risk;
• Promoting a worker safety culture that encourages reporting of pain and discourages retaliation for reporting;
• Frequently sharpening, maintaining, and replacing knives and scissors; and
• Fully implementing industry specific guidelines from OSHA.

OSHA and NIOSH guidelines

Five OSHA guidelines relate to the studies:

• Best Practices for Non-Health Care Employers with On-site Health Care Services, OSHA 3160;
• Ergonomic Program Management Guidelines for Meat Packing Plants, OSHA 3123;
• Prevention of Musculoskeletal Injuries in Poultry Processing, OSHA 3213;
• Safety and Health Guide for the Meatpacking Industry, OSHA 3108; and
• Poultry Processing Industry eTool.

NIOSH recommendations offer more:

• Evaluation of Musculoskeletal Disorders and Traumatic Injuries Among Employees at a Poultry Processing Plant, HHE 2012-0125-3024;
• Evaluation of Ergonomic Risks, Musculoskeletal Disorders, and Peracetic Acid Exposure Among Employees at a Pork Processing Plant in Michigan, HHE 2021-0117-3397; and
• Evaluation of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and Other Musculoskeletal Disorders among Employees at a Poultry Processing Plant, HHE 2014-0040-3232.

OSHA’s ongoing agreement with FSIS

In 2022, OSHA issued a memorandum of understanding with FSIS to protect workers in 6,600 meat, poultry, and egg processing plants. Under the memo:

• FSIS personnel report to OSHA any serious work hazards at FSIS-regulated plants;
• FSIS provides OSHA with attestations (per 9 CFR 381.45 and 310.27) from plants in the new poultry and swine inspections systems programs; and
• OSHA provides a poster (see here and here) to FSIS-regulated plants on how to report injuries to OSHA.

Related legislation

Note that House and Senate bills introduced (but not passed) in 2023 would have required OSHA to issue an MSDs standard for meat/poultry plants. A 2023 GAO report also pressures OSHA for a rule.

Key to remember

FSIS is directed to extend line speed waivers and no longer require plants to submit redundant worker safety data to FSIS.

Submitting employees to drug tests

Can motor carriers drug test their drivers? The short answer is no. Canada does not have a federal regulation that requires drug testing for drivers. However, this does not mean that Canadian motor carriers cannot implement and enforce a drug and alcohol policy for their drivers. In fact, many carriers have developed successful policies that minimize the risk of getting in trouble with the law and ensure the safety of their drivers and the public.

For the most part, drug testing not only violates the Human Rights Code, but it is also a gross infringement on an individual’s reasonable right to protection of privacy. Motor carriers operating in Canada need to make sure they consider the human rights and privacy rights of their drivers when implementing any type of drug testing program and policy.

Motor carriers have the right to expect their drivers to arrive at work fit for duty and remain that way throughout the duration of their shift. Communicating this expectation to them is important and, at a minimum, should be communicated by implementing a ”fit-for-work” policy that makes your expectations around impairment of any kind clear.

When drug testing may be permissible

There are some circumstances in which drug testing is allowed, though they are rare and very specific.

1. Safety-sensitive positions: Universal random drug testing would be acceptable in workplaces that can be shown to be extremely dangerous and where a worker’s impairment would likely result in catastrophe. Based on this definition commercial truck drivers would be considered to be in a safety-sensitive position.

2. Reasonable suspicion of impairment: If an employee appears to be obviously impaired, drug testing may be permissible, especially if they’re involved in a collision and there is reasonable suspicion that they are under the influence of drugs.

3. As part of a rehabilitation/return-to-work program: A driver with substance abuse disorder may be subject to unannounced drug testing to be carried out as part of a rehabilitation program and return-to-work program.

Unlike in the United States, pre-employment drug testing is generally not permitted in Canada, except in limited circumstances. Each Canadian province has its own legislation regarding testing for drugs. In Alberta, the courts have been less protective of individual privacy rights and have allowed drug testing in the oil and gas sector. Most companies in Ontario and British Columbia opt not to test for drugs, adhering to human rights legislation and privacy concerns.

Policies must be clear

Motor carriers must inform their drivers about the drug and alcohol policy and unlike U.S. testing programs, are required to obtain their consent before conducting any test. By working together, motor carriers and drivers can create a safe and healthy work environment for everyone involved.

Carriers should update their policies addressing drug and alcohol use at least once per year. Carriers must pay close attention to:

• Permissible testing for the jurisdictions they operate in, including if they cross the border into the United States;
• Frequent reminders for drivers on their obligations under the policies; and
• Training for managers and supervisors on detecting impairment through physical symptoms.

Key to remember: Drug testing in Canada is legal but not regulated, so carriers must exercise caution when implementing a drug testing policy. There’s a fine line between allowable testing and human rights/employee privacy violations.

Alternative glove selection for COVID-19

Here’s a summary of glove types and the protection given to help evaluate alternatives.

Butyl gloves protect against a variety of chemicals such as peroxide, highly corrosive acids, strong bases, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters and nitrocompounds. Butyl gloves also resist oxidation, ozone corrosion and abrasion, and remain flexible at low temperatures. However, they do not perform well with aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and halogenated solvents.

Natural (latex) rubber gloves have good elasticity and temperature resistance, and resist abrasions well. They protect against most water solutions of acids, alkalis, salts, and ketones. Latex gloves may cause allergic reactions and may not be appropriate for all employees. Hypoallergenic gloves, glove liners, and powderless gloves are possible alternatives for employees who are allergic.

Neoprene gloves protect against hydraulic fluids, gasoline, alcohols, organic acids, and alkalis. Their chemical and wear resistance are generally better than gloves of natural rubber.

Nitrile gloves are intended for jobs requiring dexterity, and they stand up even after prolonged exposure to substances that cause other gloves to deteriorate. They offer protection when working with greases, oils, acids, caustics, and alcohols but are not recommended for use with strong oxidizing agents, aromatic solvents, ketones, and acetates.