ABCs of UST operator training

What are PFAS?

PFAS, called “forever chemicals,” are long-lasting manufactured chemicals that may pose risks to human and environmental health. With thousands of PFAS chemicals, however, controlling their use to reduce the risks is no easy task.

Additionally, PFAS appear in nearly every sector. They’re used in a wide range of products (like food packaging, cleaning products, and textiles) and for commercial and industrial applications.

Current state PFAS actions

Multiple states already have PFAS rules on the books. Check out these examples:

• California bans selling or distributing in commerce any new juvenile product that contains regulated PFAS chemicals (CA HSC Section 108946), such as changing pads, motor vehicle child restraint systems, playpens, and strollers.
• Colorado requires manufacturers of cookware with intentionally added PFAS in the handle or any product surface that contacts food to, among other things, list the presence of PFAS on the product label (House Bill 22-1345).
• Hawaii prohibits manufacturing, selling, offering for sale, and distributing for sale or use food packaging — wraps, liners, plates, food boats, and pizza boxes — with intentionally added PFAS (Act 152 Relating to environmental protection).
• Maryland bans manufacturing, selling, and delivering cosmetic products that contain any of 13 specified PFAS (Md. Code, Health-Gen. Section 21-259.2).
• New York forbids selling or offering for sale new apparel with intentionally added PFAS (N.Y. Consolidated Laws Section 37-0121).

Many states also have proposed PFAS rules under consideration.

Stay alert to state PFAS actions

If your facility uses PFAS, it’s essential to know whether the state has regulations that apply to your operations. Plus, knowing the state’s potential future PFAS rules coming down the pipeline can help you better prepare to comply.

Consider these general tips to support your facility’s efforts to track state PFAS actions:

• EPA provides an online list of the state environmental agencies with links to their websites. Check the state environmental agency’s online news and press releases for policy updates.
• Search for a dedicated rulemaking webpage, as many states maintain a list of proposed and recently adopted regulations. Note that some state sites may be easier to navigate than others, and some state sites may not have a dedicated rulemaking webpage.
• Establish a contact at the state environmental agency. Each agency should list contact information, so don’t hesitate to reach out. You may be able to find someone at the agency who can answer questions about the state’s current and future PFAS rules.

Staying alert to state PFAS regulations can help your organization maintain compliance.

Key to remember: States across the country continue to consider and implement regulations related to PFAS. Staying alert to state PFAS actions is key for businesses to stay compliant.

Spanish translations prompted by law

The Pesticide Registration Improvement Act (PRIA) has been enacted and reauthorized five times. The latest version (PRIA 5) was signed on December 29, 2022. It amended the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) to require Spanish language translation for sections of the end-use pesticide product labels. However, those translations are only required where translation is available in EPA's Spanish Translation Guide for Pesticide Labeling.

Those sections deal with the health and safety of the product. Specifically, the guide has Spanish translations of the:

• “Keep out of reach of children” statement,
• Restricted use pesticide (RUP) statement for restricted use products,
• Misuse statements,
• Signal word,
• First aid section,
• Precautionary statements,
• Personal protective equipment section,
• Engineering controls,
• Environmental hazards,
• Physical or chemical hazards, and
• Storage and disposal statements.

Methods of communicating translations

When a registered pesticide product is released for shipment, PRIA 5 requires translations or a link to translations on the product container. Any link would be via scannable technology or other accessible methods. Antimicrobial pesticide products and non-agricultural/non-RUP products have yet another option. They may provide a link to the Spanish Safety Data Sheets instead of a link to label translations.

Deadlines for translations

PRIA 5 establishes a rolling schedule for the implementation of bilingual labeling. The schedule runs from December 2025 to 2030, with the translations for the most hazardous and toxic pesticide products required first. In fact, EPA is starting with RUPs and agricultural pesticides classified as acute toxicity category I. All end-use pesticide labels must have translations by 2030. 

The dates when bilingual labeling is due are based on pesticide product type:

EPA tracking required

PRIA 5 also requires EPA to develop, implement, and make publicly available a plan for keeping track of the adoption of bilingual labeling. The agency previously proposed and received comments on using the annual paper maintenance fee filing form to track adoption. It would have used a checkbox to indicate whether products included bilingual labeling.

However, EPA has scrapped that approach. It’s now proposing to track adoption through its electronic MyPeST app. In this case, registrants would electronically check a box next to each pesticide product indicating whether it includes the required bilingual labeling. MyPeST would display product information — such as product type and signal word — to help registrants determine their products’ compliance dates.

The agency also wants to add a checkbox to MyPeST to indicate that a pesticide product will not be released for shipment. This helps distinguish between noncompliance and nonapplicable circumstances.

For tracking purposes, registrants would not need to submit the labels to EPA.

EPA seeks comments

Comments on the proposed tracking method must be received on or before September 19, 2025. Send comments to docket ID EPA-HQ-OPP-2025-0049 at www.regulations.gov. Any comments are welcome, but EPA is particularly looking for examples of how it could reduce this tracking paperwork burden for businesses employing fewer than 25 workers.

The proposed method is anticipated to take 24 hours and cost just over $3,000 per covered entity per year. Entities potentially affected by the notice and comment request include:

• Pesticide importers,
• Pesticide manufacturers, and
• Government establishments responsible for agricultural pest/weed regulation.

Q&As available

EPA says it has also updated its Bilingual Labeling Questions & Answers webpage. Additional questions and answers touch on topics relating to, but not limited to:

• Enforcement,
• Supplemental distributor labels,
• QR codes and websites already on the label, and
• How to handle subsequent label changes. 

This living document now has over 50 Q&As. It will be updated as PRIA 5 requirements and deadlines are met and new information is available.

Key to remember

EPA issued a notice requesting comments by September 19 on how it wants to track the adoption of bilingual labeling. Spanish language translation for sections of the end-use pesticide product labels has a rolling schedule from 2025 to 2030. The agency also updated its Bilingual Labeling Questions & Answers webpage.

The EPA definition: “RCRA empty” explained

Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), a container that once held hazardous waste is only legally “empty” if it meets particular criteria outlined in 40 CFR 261.7. The first standard that must be satisfied is that all material has been removed from the container using normal means such as pouring, pumping, or aspirating. Secondly, no more than 2.5 centimeters or 1 inch of residue remains on the container's bottom or inner lining. Alternatively, if the container holds 119 gallons or less, it is empty if no more than 3 percent of the total weight exists, or, if the container holds more than 119 gallons, it is empty if no more than 0.3 percent of the total weight exists.

Of course, sometimes special circumstances require further evaluation. For example, a gas cylinder is not empty until the pressure has reduced to atmospheric levels, and acute hazardous waste containers must be triple rinsed with an appropriate solvent or cleaned by another approved method. If these conditions are not met, the container is still legally considered to contain hazardous waste, even if it feels empty.

The OSHA definition: “Empty” under the Hazard Communication Standard

While EPA focuses on environmental disposal and waste management, OSHA’s concern with empty containers centers on worker safety, particularly the potential for exposure to hazardous residues or vapors. Under OSHA’s Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200), a container that previously held hazardous chemicals must retain its original hazard label until it is adequately cleaned or until the employer removes the label following proper decontamination procedures. For example, a drum labeled “Flammable” must keep this label even if it appears empty, as residual material or vapors may still pose a significant ignition or fire risk. Removing such labels prematurely could lead to workplace hazards and violations of OSHA regulations.

How to stay compliant

Employers must first clearly determine which rules apply to them: whether the container held hazardous materials governed by EPA regulations, hazardous chemicals subject to OSHA requirements, or both. Emptying procedures should be followed, including properly draining the container, performing triple-rinsing when required, and thoroughly documenting all decontamination activities. Original hazard labels must be maintained on containers until they are thoroughly cleaned or reconditioned, as removing labels prematurely violates OSHA’s Hazard Communication Standard. Additionally, employers should provide employees with training on the proper handling, labeling, and disposal of containers and ensure they fully understand what constitutes an empty container under federal standards. Finally, a detailed record of all rinsing, draining, and cleaning processes should be maintained to demonstrate compliance during EPA or state inspections.

Keys to remember: Employers should educate their teams, enforce proper cleaning procedures, and maintain compliance records to ensure they are staying compliant with “empty” container standards.

Will my facility have to comply?

EPA’s risk evaluation determines whether an existing chemical substance presents an unreasonable risk to health or the environment under specific conditions of use (COUs). Risk management regulations only apply to the COUs that present an unreasonable risk. If your facility engages in any covered COU, it will have to comply with the applicable future restrictions.

Let’s revisit the 1,1-dichloroethane risk evaluation. One of the three COUs that endanger the health of workers through inhalation exposure is the processing of the chemical substance for recycling. If a facility doesn’t process 1,1-dichloroethane for recycling, it won’t have to comply with future regulations for that COU.

Who’s affected?

The final risk evaluation defines the categories of human and environmental populations covered by the assessment (such as consumers, the general population, workers, and aquatic species), and it identifies the COUs that apply to them.

Knowing the types of populations that a covered COU affects can help facilities narrow down the kinds of compliance requirements that may apply. For instance, a final risk management rule may require facilities to:

• Implement a workplace chemical protection program for exposed employees,
• Send downstream notifications to supply chain members, or
• Add warning labels to consumer products.

What’s the regulatory timeline?

TSCA grants EPA one year from the publication date of the final risk evaluation to propose a risk management rule and another year after that to finalize it. So, potentially covered facilities can expect regulations within two years of the final risk evaluation.

For example, EPA published the final risk evaluation for 1,1-dichloroethane in June 2025, so the agency should finalize a rule by June 2027.

Compliance obligations for a final rule likely won’t begin immediately; EPA usually gives facilities time to make any needed changes to things like operations, equipment, etc.

How can my facility prepare?

Keep these tips in mind:

• Search for safer alternative chemical substances to use. In addition to eliminating the potential for new or additional compliance requirements, using a safer alternative can offer your business a competitive advantage. EPA’s Safer Chemical Ingredients List may be a good place to start.
• Look for ways to reduce employee exposure to the chemical substance. Evaluate your facility’s existing operations for ways to lower worker exposure. Consider things like changing work processes or upgrading to equipment with more protective features.
• Participate in the rulemaking. EPA will open its proposed risk management rule for public comments. You can provide feedback on the compliance requirements the agency plans to impose on regulated facilities. EPA will consider the public comments it receives before finalizing a rule.

Key to remember: EPA’s final chemical risk evaluations give facilities a heads-up that compliance changes are likely within the next couple of years.

Pro: Familiarity with the motor carrier

Acclimating a new hire to a corporate culture and learning a new job takes time. For some new employees, the company and/or position isn’t what they expected, so they eventually leave. Invaluable time is lost when a new person doesn’t work out.

But a former employee who is reapplying knows what to expect from the company and what the job entails. Unless the company and/or the job description has gone through major changes since the past employment period, there should be minimal surprises for the returning employee. The onboarding process should take less time, allowing the company to place the former employee into the position sooner than others, resulting in cost savings.

Pro: Access to work records

Former immediate supervisors should be able to recall the boomerang employee’s previous work history, and recruiters should have access to the employee’s performance reviews, exit interview, and so forth. This information will assist in knowing whether this individual is eligible for rehire.

Con: Reasons for leaving

Motor carriers should look at why the employee left the organization.

Was it due to:

• Unresolved grievances?
• Conflicts with coworkers and/or supervisors?
• Greener pastures?

If the reason for leaving still exists or resurfaces, you may see this employee exit once again.

Pro or con: Length away

The longer a former employee has been away from the company, the less likely you can apply past performance to present or future behavior.

Ask yourself:

• When you remember the employee’s performance, is it accurate or tainted by time?
• Has the individual changed? For example, has the time away provided growth, additional experience, and maturity?

Other considerations include a change in:

• Expectations of the position (e.g., knowledge, equipment); and
• Corporate culture (e.g., management, policies, and procedures).

The individual may no longer be a fit — or might be a better fit than before — based on these new factors.

Rehire interviews

Recruiters should not assume that a former employee will pick up where they left off. Boomerang employees should be formally interviewed just like any other applicant. Motor carriers should:

• Examine their skillset, current disposition, and any additional experience during the time away (e.g., new certifications or skills);
• Look for red flags, such as multiple employers over a short period or a poor safety history during the absence; and
• Determine, if possible, why the boomerang employee wants to return. It may not be the enthusiastic return the company had hoped for. For instance, a recent employment may not have worked out, and the former employer is just one option under consideration.

If the employee is rehired, don’t assume they can skip refresher training, especially if the person has been gone a while.

Key to remember: Rehiring former employees can offer some benefits. But each candidate must be taken on a case-by-case basis to determine whether a return is right for both the carrier and employee.

Brake safety focus

This year, inspectors will focus on drums and rotors. Brake drum and rotor issues can have a serious negative impact on a vehicle’s brake efficiency. There’s the possibility that broken pieces of drums and rotors can become dislodged from the vehicle enroute and damage other vehicles or lead to injuries or fatalities to the public.

The inspections

CVSA-certified inspectors will perform routine inspections on commercial vehicles from August 24-30 with a special focus on brake components and systems. Some jurisdictions will also use performance-based brake testers (PBBT) to help assess a vehicle’s braking performance.

If an inspector finds any commercial vehicle with brake-related out-of-service violations, that vehicle will be removed from roads until the violations are corrected.

Bringing awareness

Brake Safety Week helps remind drivers and motor carriers to keep up with proactive vehicle maintenance and safety procedures. Law enforcement use this opportunity to highlight the importance of brake safety and to offer some educational outreach.

To help prepare for this year’s Brake Safety Week event, the CVSA recommends:

• Learning about the different vehicle components checked during inspection, and
• Viewing the inspection procedure to know what to expect at https://www.cvsa.org/programs/operation-airbrake/operation-airbrake-inspection-procedure/.

A flyer with eight brake drum and rotor tips is also available at https://www.cvsa.org/programs/operation-airbrake/focus-area/.

The basics of logging exemptions

To be able to use this logging exemption in 395.1(e)(1), the driver must:

• Stay within 150 air-miles of the work reporting location for the day (draw a 150 air-mile radius circle around the work reporting location for the day — the driver must stay within this circle),
• Be back to — and released from — the work reporting location for his/her 8- or 10-hour break within 14 hours, and
• Include the starting and ending times for the day and the total hours on duty on the time record for the day.

The company must retain the time record and have it available for inspection for six months.

What if the driver goes too far or works too many hours?

If the driver cannot meet the terms of the exemption (he or she goes too far or works too many hours), the driver must complete a regular driver’s log for the day as soon as the exemption no longer applies.

If the driver has had to complete a log 8 or fewer days out of the last 30 days, the driver can use a paper log for the day. If the driver had to complete a log more than 8 days out of the last 30 days, the driver needs to use an electronic log for the day (unless one of the ELD exemptions applies, such as operating a vehicle older than model year 2000).

30-minute break exemption

When a property-carrying driver is operating under the 150 air-mile exemption, the driver is also exempt from having to take the required 30-minute break (see 395.3(a)(3)(ii)).

If the driver began the day as a 150 air-mile driver and has driven more than 8 consecutive hours without a break, and something unexpected happens and the driver can no longer use the 150 air-mile exemption, the driver must stop and immediately take the 30-minute break as well as start logging. If the driver went outside of the 150 air-mile area before the driver had 8 hours of driving without a break from driving, the driver would be expected to take the break at the appropriate time.

Common myths

Here are some of the common myths and misunderstandings about the 150 air-mile exemption:

• The driver must have the time records in the vehicle. Myth. The driver simply needs to explain to an officer during a roadside inspection that he/she does not have logs due to operating under the 150 air-mile exemption and that the required time records are back at the carrier’s office (just telling the officer, “I don’t have any logs” will lead to a violation, so the driver needs to know to provide the full explanation).
• The driver must log the previous seven days if he/she had been using this exemption and suddenly can’t. Myth. If the driver cannot use the exemption on one particular day, that is the only day the driver must use a regular log (either paper or electronic).
• Passenger-carrying drivers and drivers hauling hazardous materials cannot use this exemption. Myth. There are no restrictions on the use of this exemption, so any commercial driver can use it.
• A driver that crosses state lines cannot use this exemption. Myth. As this exemption appears in the Federal Motor Carrier Administration (FMCSA) regulations, it can be used by interstate drivers.
• Only drivers that operate out of a “company terminal” can use the 150 air-mile exemption. Myth. As long as the driver makes it back to the work reporting location for the day within the appropriate number of hours, the driver can use the exemption.
• Drivers that move from one jobsite to another every few weeks cannot use this exemption. Myth. If a driver that normally uses this exemption switches work reporting locations, the day the driver switches work reporting locations is the only day the driver cannot use the exemption.
• Drivers covered by this exemption are also exempt from the driver qualification (licensing and medical cards), driving, and vehicle inspection requirements. Myth. The only rules the driver is exempt from are the logging requirement in 395.8 and the 30-minute break requirement in 395.3.
• The driver cannot drive more than 150 miles for the day. Myth. The driver can drive as many miles as he/she wants to or needs to, as long as the driver stays within the 150 air-mile radius circle and gets back to the work reporting location within the appropriate number of hours.
• If a 150 air-mile driver gets into a vehicle with an ELD, the driver must use it. Myth. The carrier can have the driver log in and have the driver entered into the system as an “exempt driver,” or the carrier can request that the driver not log into the device and then attach a comment to the unassigned driving time generated by the driver’s movements. The comment would need to explain that the driver using the vehicle was a 150 air-mile driver who submitted a time record. It is up to the carrier to decide which option to use. If stopped for a roadside inspection, the driver will need to be able to explain to the inspector that he/she is an exempt driver using the 150 air-mile exemption, so using the electronic log is not required.

What’s different with the ‘150 air-mile non-CDL property-carrying drivers’

The 150 air-mile exemption at 395.1(e)(2) only applies to drivers that: Operate property-carrying vehicles that do not require a CDL to operate, and Stay within the 150 air-miles of their work reporting location.

If the driver stays within the 150 air-mile radius of the work reporting location, and returns to the work reporting location within 14 hours on 5 of the last 7 days, and 16 hours on 2 of the last seven days, the driver is allowed to use a time record in place of a log.

If the driver does not meet the terms of the exception, the driver will need to complete a log for the day. If the driver had to log more than 8 days out of the last 30 days, the driver will need to use an electronic log for the day. All of the other issues discussed above would apply to these drivers as well.

Managing the use

If you have drivers that use these exemptions, you will need to check time records to make sure they are complying with the appropriate time limits. You will also need to check movement records to verify that the drivers using these exemptions are staying within the mandated area (within 150 air-miles of the work reporting location for the day).

If a driver is over the hours limit, or has gone too far, you need to verify that the submitted a log for the day, either paper or electronic, depending on how many days the driver had to log out of the previous 30 days.

Verifying compliance is important

During an audit, if it is discovered that your drivers are using these exemptions incorrectly, you will be cited for not having drivers’ logs when required. Each day this occurred will be another violation, so the fine could be rather large if you are not managing the use of these exemptions!

What is a split specimen?

When a driver gives a urine sample for the purposes of DOT drug testing, the collector will split the specimen into two separate containers. The container labeled as the primary specimen will be tested by the lab; the container labeled as the secondary specimen is only tested if the driver requests that it be tested after the primary specimen is verified as positive, adulterated, or substituted.

How does a driver request that the split specimen be tested?

When the medical review officer (MRO) contacts the driver about a verified positive, adulterated, or substituted test, the MRO will inform the driver of the driver’s right to have the split specimen tested. The driver then has 72 hours from the time of notification to request via the MRO that the split specimen be tested.

What happens while the split specimen is being tested?

Because the driver’s primary specimen was verified positive, adulterated, or substituted, the motor carrier should have already pulled the driver from performing safety-sensitive functions. The driver cannot resume driving while the split specimen is being tested. Whether the driver is reassigned to a non-driving position or is suspended depends on the motor carrier’s drug and alcohol policy.

Who pays for the split specimen to be tested?

The regulations specify that the carrier cannot delay lab testing in order to collect payment from the driver. The secondary specimen should be submitted for testing as soon as the driver requests it, and motor carrier will be billed through the carrier’s lab account. In some cases, the motor carrier can seek reimbursement from the driver for full or partial costs of the split-specimen test.

Is the drug violation reported to the Drug and Alcohol Clearinghouse right away, or does the MRO wait for the results of the test on the secondary sample?

The MRO will report the positive, adulterated, or substituted drug test result to the Drug and Alcohol Clearinghouse within two business days of verifying the result for the primary specimen. Once the MRO receives the lab results for the secondary sample, one of three things happens:

1. The secondary test result reconfirms the primary test result. The violation stands and remains in the Clearinghouse.
2. The test of the secondary sample fails to reconfirm any of the original findings. The test will be canceled, and the MRO will change the result in the Clearinghouse within one business day of receiving the secondary test results.
3. The test of the split specimen does not reconfirm the original result but identifies something suspicious in the secondary sample. The regulations in 40.187 spell out a variety of situations that require the driver to be tested again, such as if the secondary sample is invalid or if part of the original result is reconfirmed but the sample also tests as substituted or adulterated. If any of these complex scenarios applies, the MRO will direct the carrier’s designated employer representative (DER) to immediately send the driver for another collection under direct observation. If that test result is negative and is not adulterated or substituted, the MRO will change the result in the Clearinghouse within one business day of receiving the secondary test results. Otherwise, the violation will stand and remain in the Clearinghouse.

Key to remember: Dividing a urine specimen into two samples allows for a driver to request that the secondary sample be tested if the first specimen indicates drug use. This is an important part of the driver’s right to due process.

Gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR)

The gross vehicle weight rating is the maximum operating weight of a vehicle as specified by the manufacturer including the vehicle’s chassis, body, engine, engine fluids, fuel, accessories, driver, passengers, and cargo but excluding that of any trailers.

Gross combined weight rating (GCWR)

The gross combined weight rating is the specific weight determined by the manufacturer to be the maximum weight of a loaded vehicle and its attached loaded trailer. This is the weight that is shown on the IRP cab card.

• Insider tip:
• Weight plate: A vehicle’s GVWR and GCWR are normally found on a manufacturer’s plate attached to the door or glove box, or on the front of each trailer.

Registered weight

Registered weight means the weight for which a vehicle or combination of vehicles has been licensed or registered.

Note that this weight will not always be the same as the GVWR or GCWR. It can be less if the carrier never travels at the maximum weight, but never more than the vehicle is rated to carry as this presents a safety issue.

• Insider tip:
• A vehicle’s weight rating should not be confused with its registered weight. To reduce registration fees, vehicles are often registered at a lower weight than they are rated to carry.

Gross vehicle weight (GVW)

Though not defined by IRP, a vehicle’s gross vehicle weight is commonly held to be the actual weight of the vehicle itself (curb weight) plus all cargo and passengers. The GVW is not a limit or specification; rather it is the actual weight that is obtained when the fully loaded vehicle is driven onto a scale at any given time.

Gross combination weight (GCW)

Also not specifically defined by IRP, the gross combination weight is understood to be the weight of a loaded towing vehicle (GVW) plus the weight of the fully loaded trailer(s) (plus passengers, fuel, etc.). It is the actual weight obtained when the vehicle and trailer(s) are weighed together on a scale.

Which numbers should be used under IRP?

Apportionable vehicles must be registered under IRP. The Plan defines an apportionable vehicle as any vehicle that is used or intended for use in two or more member jurisdictions and that is used for the transportation of persons for hire or designed, used, or maintained primarily for the transportation of property, and:

• Has two axles and a gross vehicle weight or registered gross vehicle weight in excess of 26,000 pounds (11,793.401 kilograms), or
• Has three or more axles, regardless of weight, or
• Is used in combination, when the gross vehicle weight of such combination (GCW) exceeds 26,000 pounds (11,793.401 kilograms).

Apportionment optional for smaller trucks

Two-axle vehicles, or combinations thereof, having a GVW of 26,000 pounds or less may be issued apportioned registration (IRP) at the option of the registrant. Why would you choose to do this?

For trucks between 10,001 and 26,000 pounds, some jurisdictions — but not all — require trip permits or apportioned plates to operate legally. Permits may be required for traveling through the jurisdiction or when engaging in intrastate transportation. If you frequently operate vehicles over 10,000 pounds in a state with this requirement, it might make sense to register with apportioned plates. Be sure to check with the jurisdictions in which your vehicles operate to learn the requirements.

• Sensory information is limited. It’s difficult for drivers to see what is going on behind their trucks. There is always a blind spot, and that blind spot shifts as the truck backs. Likewise, drivers may not be able to hear what is going on behind the vehicle while they are moving in reverse.
• Steering a trailer in reverse is counterintuitive. When driving a car, a driver moves the steering wheel to the right to reverse to the right, but when backing a trailer, the same steering motion will reverse the tractor to the right, but the trailer to the left.

TIP: Before covering the tips below with your drivers, ask them to brainstorm a list of potential backing dangers. Then ask them to think of strategies to minimize the risk of each danger they listed.

• Get Out And Look (GOAL). Walk around and check all sides of the vehicle for people, equipment, parked vehicles, or other obstacles, including those overhead, like wires and tree limbs. Be especially alert to children and animals in the area that may dart behind a truck without warning.

TIP: Show drivers an illustration of how large the blind spot behind a trailer is and how far behind the trailer an object needs to be for a driver to see it in the tractor’s mirrors.

• Eliminate distractions. Turn off anything that makes sound, such as a radio, CB, cab fan, or phone, then roll down the window and listen while backing. Sounds of children playing, people talking, or other vehicles backing indicate potential dangers.
• Communicate to others. Use the truck’s four-way flashers and backup alarm or horn to notify others that the truck is moving in reverse. Remember, though, that some people won’t see or hear these alerts or may not know what they mean.
• Back slowly. Back slowly, watching the mirrors for obstacles. Get out and look again if necessary.
• Use a spotter. Backing can be a lot easier with the help of a qualified and experienced spotter. Make sure to agree on the hand signals you will use before beginning to back the vehicle.

TIP: Use visuals, such as illustrations or videos, to help drivers understand which direction the trailer and the tractor each move when the steering wheel is turned left or right.

The intent of the standard

OSHA’s powered industrial truck (PIT) standard (29 CFR 1910.178) is intended to ensure the safe use of fork trucks, tractors, platform lift trucks, motorized hand trucks, and other specialized industrial trucks powered by electric motors or internal combustion engines. The standard outlines requirements for operational permits and certification.

And, though not specified in the standard itself, PIT operators must be at least 18 years old per federal child labor regulations.

License and certification Q&A

The OSHA PIT standard clearly defines requirements for training and certification. However, some licensing and certification information isn’t as clear. Here are some clarifications:

Q: Who can train, evaluate, and certify PIT operators?

A: OSHA requires in 1910.178(l)(2)(iii) that, “All operator training and evaluation shall be conducted by persons who have the knowledge, training, and experience to train powered industrial truck operators and evaluate their competence.” The OSHA standard doesn’t further define this requirement or set any specific or additional certifications.

Q: Does OSHA require PIT operators to have a valid driver's license?

A: Federal OSHA has no requirement that a forklift operator has a valid motor vehicle driver's license. Some states are more stringent, so check your local and state requirements to confirm.

Q: Does OSHA have regulations that impact an employee’s ability to operate PITs if they’ve received a DUI or suspended license?

A: Because OSHA doesn't require a valid motor vehicle driver's license, the status of that license doesn’t impact PIT operator permitting. Individual states or the employer may have policies that dictate otherwise.

Q: Are PIT drivers required to have their license on them when they are working?

A: Federal OSHA doesn’t require PIT operators to have a license or permit. However, some states such as Michigan do require this. Typically, in states that require a permit or license, the license must be “readily available.” Companies have the option to require the permit or license be carried with the operator.

Q: Are operators required to be trained on each manufacture of PIT model?

A: A June 15, 1999, OSHA letter of interpretation (LOI) clarifies that operators are to be trained and evaluated in the safe operation for the type of truck they’ll be assigned. Operators wouldn’t need additional training for same truck types but would need additional training when truck- or workplace-related training topics are different.

Q: Do PIT operators need to be recertified if they move from one state to another with the same company?

A: In an LOI dated October 1, 1999, OSHA states, "As long as the employer has a reasonable basis to believe that the third-party trainer is qualified and has a program that meets the requirements of the standard, it can rely on that trainer to conduct the training and evaluation of employees and can certify that these employees have been trained. However, the employer may need to provide additional training on site-specific or truck-specific matters." This shouldn’t require retraining for the same type of forklift as already certified; however, workplace conditions or other factors of the new work location may require training for forklift operation in the other state(s).

Operator Impairments

In addition to being properly trained and evaluated, OSHA expects employers to ensure physical capabilities. OSHA references the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Standard B56.1-1969. Section 6 clarifies that, “Operators of powered industrial trucks shall be physically qualified. An examination should be made on an annual basis and include such things as field of vision, hearing, depth perception, and reaction timing."

Employers should consider OSHA PIT regulations and the General Duty Clause, ANSI standards, and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requirements when evaluating physical qualifications. In short, if a worker demonstrates the visual, auditory, and mental ability to safely operate PITs, he or she is permitted to operate them.

Keys to Remember

OSHA requires employers ensure the safe use of forklifts and other powered industrial vehicles. Employers must ensure operators have the knowledge, skills, and physical ability to safely operate PITs.

Certifications and recertifications

How can employers stay on top of such changes? First, they may ask for an initial certification supporting the need for leave. The certification should give employers enough information to determine whether the employee needs FMLA leave for a qualifying reason.

For medical certifications, it should indicate which part of the FMLA’s definition of a serious health condition is involved. It should also include information on how much leave the employee needs.

Because things can change, employers may ask for recertifications now and then. They may ask for them no more often than every 30 days unless the certification indicates that the minimum duration of the condition is more than 30 days. In that situation, employers must wait until that minimum duration expires before requesting a recertification.

In all cases, employers may request a recertification of a medical condition in six months in conjunction with an employee’s absence (i.e., not just a random request).

Employers don’t have to wait the 30 days, the minimum duration, or six months to ask for a recertification in limited situations. This happens if:

• The employee requests an extension of leave,
• Circumstances described by the previous certification have changed significantly (e.g., the duration or frequency of the absence, the nature or severity of the illness, complications), or
• Employers receive information that casts doubt upon the employee's stated reason for the absence or the continuing validity of the certification.

Taking Jo’s example, if the initial certification indicated that she needed four weeks of continuous leave, but after three weeks, Jo said she could do some work, employers could ask for a recertification, as something had changed. If, after taking intermittent leave, Jo reinjured herself and went back to needing continuous weeks of FMLA leave, the employer could ask for a recertification.

Key to remember: Life situations seldom work on a straight trajectory. Things change, and so can an employee’s FMLA leave needs. What can start as a continuous leave can change to an intermittent leave, and vice versa. Employers can keep up with such changes using recertifications.

Iowa OKs electronic notices

Iowa employers who conduct drug tests may now use electronic communication to notify employees about positive results when employees agree to this method of communication. They can also use an in-person exchange of written materials if that is what an employee would like to do.

These methods of communication can also be used when an applicant or parent of a minor agrees to receive notices this way.

Employers used to be required to send notifications by certified mail, return receipt requested. This method can still be used when it’s preferred by an employee, prospective employee, or parent of a minor.

In addition, the state has:

• Changed the definition of safety-sensitive position. It is now a position designated by the employer as one where an accident could cause loss of human life, serious bodily injury, or significant property or environmental damage. Previously, the employer did not have the power to designate a position as safety-sensitive. This definition comes into play when doing random testing as the testing pool may consist of employees in safety-sensitive positions.
• Modified attorney fees. An employer who violates the state’s drug testing law is subject to penalties, including the payment of reasonable attorney fees. The law previously did not use the term “reasonable.”
• Shifted the burden. An employee or applicant who believes their rights have been violated now has the burden of proving that a violation directly caused any damages.

Ohio turns three programs into one

Ohio has merged its Drug-Free Safety Program, Drug-Free Safety Program Grants, and Substance Use and Recovery and Workplace Safety Program into a new entity: The Substance Use and Prevention Recovery Program (SUPR).

The voluntary program is available to public employer taxing districts and private employers with state workers’ compensation insurance. Self-insured employers can enroll at the comparable level to be included on the list approved state construction contractors.

Under the new program:

• Enrollment is open year-round;

• Employers no longer need to file a Safety-Management Self-Assessment or a Safety Action plan;
• Most participants are automatically eligible for reimbursement grants that can be used to pay for policy development, training, drug and alcohol testing, and substance use assessments;
• Substance use assessments for employers with second chance programs are now eligible for reimbursement; and
• An online accident report is only required for lost-time claims.

Employers may enroll at a basic, advanced, or reimbursement-only level, or may enroll with a comparable program. The basic, advanced, and comparable levels require employers to train supervisors and employees, conduct drug and alcohol testing, and have a written policy.

Employers applying only for reimbursement must keep documentation to support the reimbursement request for three years.

The state is creating an online portal where employers will be able to report program completion and request reimbursement for eligible expenses.

Minnesota requires new notice

Minnesota employers must now comply with a notice requirement when taking certain negative actions against medical marijuana patients.

State law prohibits employers from discriminating against patients because of medical marijuana use or because of a positive drug test for marijuana. There are exceptions for employees who are impaired by marijuana at work, and when failing to act would cause an employer to:

• Violate a federal law,
• Lose a monetary benefit, or
• Lose a license-related benefit.

Employers who decide to take a negative action because not doing so would violate the law or result in the loss of benefits must now provide a written notice to employees at least 14 days before the action. The notice must:

• Cite the specific law or regulation that the employer believes would be violated if it did not take that action, or
• Specify the monetary or licensing-related benefit under federal law that the employer would lose if the action had not been taken.

A patient may bring legal action against an employer for violating the law, and an employer must not retaliate against a patient who asserts their rights.

Key to remember: Some states have detailed drug testing laws, and while they do not change often, employers need to stay on top of changes to remain in compliance.

Qualifying reasons

Employees may take FMLA leave for only the following reasons:

Birth and bonding. Parents may use FMLA leave when their child is born and to bond with their child during the 12-month period beginning on the date of birth. All parents, regardless of sex, have the same right to take FMLA leave for the birth of a child and bonding.

Placement of a child for adoption or foster care. Employees may use FMLA leave when a child is first placed with them for adoption or foster care and to bond with their newly placed child. An employee’s entitlement to leave for adoption or foster care ends at the end of the 12-month period beginning on the date of the placement. Employees may also use FMLA leave before the actual placement or adoption of a child to address issues required for the placement to take place.

Serious health condition of the employee. A serious health condition makes the employee unable to perform the functions of their job.

Care for a family member with a serious health condition. Employees may take FMLA leave to care for a child, spouse, or parent who has a serious health condition. Caring for a family member under the FMLA includes assistance with basic medical, hygienic, nutritional, safety, transportation needs, physical care, or psychological comfort.

An FMLA serious health condition generally involves a period of incapacity. Incapacity means an individual is unable to work, attend school, or perform other regular daily activities because of a serious health condition, due to the treatment of it, or for recovery from the condition.

Qualifying exigency. Qualifying exigencies are situations caused by the military deployment of an employee’s spouse, child, or parent to a foreign country. Qualifying exigencies include making alternative child care arrangements for a child, attending certain military ceremonies and briefings, spending time with a military member on Rest and Recuperation leave, making financial or legal arrangements, certain activities related to care of a parent of the military member, or other reasons agreed upon by employee and employer.

Military caregiver leave. Employees may also take up to 26 workweeks of FMLA leave in a single 12-month period to care for a covered servicemember with a serious injury or illness, if the employee is the spouse, child, parent, or next of kin of the servicemember.

Reasons that don’t qualify

Unless a doctor certifies the reason as somehow medically therapeutic to the employee or a family member, the following are examples of reasons that generally do not qualify for FMLA protection:

• Care for a pet
• Care for a family member other than a spouse, child, or parent
• Attending concerts or sporting events
• Golfing
• Sailing

Key to remember: Eligible employees may take FMLA leave only for certain qualifying reasons.

General industry guidance

When OSHA updated the walking/working surface regulations in 2016, the Preamble noted that providing fall protection for workers on rolling stock would be technologically feasible. However, economic feasibility was not addressed. That final rule didn’t address fall protection on rolling stock because OSHA had not covered the issue in the proposed rule. OSHA could not add requirements that had not been proposed for public comment. The agency simply stated that its enforcement policy was not changing.

That policy comes from a memo dated October 18, 1996. It outlines a settlement with grain handling facilities, but OSHA applies the same concepts to all employers. The memo states that OSHA won’t cite fall hazards from rolling stock under Subpart D (the walking-working surface standards). However, it could cite under 1910.132 for personal protective equipment or under the General Duty Clause if using fall protection would be feasible. Specifically, the memo says that OSHA would not cite for fall hazards “unless employees are working atop stock that is positioned inside of or contiguous to a building or other structure where the installation of fall protection is feasible.”

At first glance, this sounds simple: if fall protection is available or could be implemented (like inside a building), then employers must provide it. A significant challenge, however, is that trailers are commonly loaded and unloaded outdoors. In addition, even if an employer installed outdoor fall protection systems at its facilities, a driver visiting customer locations may not have access to suitable anchor points. For related information, see our article Fall protection training for drivers is required, but it's not what you think.

Employers should evaluate all possible measures to help employees protect themselves from falls. Those measures might include training on proper techniques or procedures, warnings against particular hazards like working in snow, or using equipment such as ladders when possible.

Key to remember: When fall protection isn’t feasible for employees working on trailers, employers should evaluate other possible options to maximize employee protection.

#1 Start here

First, OSHA requires that all operators must be trained prior to being allowed to operate forklifts. And the same thing goes for pallet trucks, order pickers, and stand-up units…. Any powered type of material handling equipment requires training.

But what does training entail? Well, the OSHA regulations are very specific. All operators must receive a combination of training. Training must consist of formal training, which is a lecture, discussion, interactive computer learning, video tape, written material, and so on.

They must also receive practical training, which means demonstrations performed by the trainer and practical exercises performed by the trainee.

And the third component is that operators must receive a performance evaluation. So, they must operate the equipment and be observed and evaluated before being considered trained per the OSHA standard.

Usually, you’ll introduce the concepts during the classroom portion of training, the more informational aspects, such as the OSHA requirements. Then you’ll use the practical part of training to familiarize trainees with controls, talk about load handling, and so on. With the practical part, it’s usually best to ramp up the training, meaning start with simple skills and then build on those.

#2 Train on these topics

Aside from requirements for how to do the training, OSHA gives us a detailed list of topics to cover during the training.

The main categories are truck-related and workplace-related topics. And remember that OSHA does require you to include information on OSHA’s forklift standard as part of the training program. This requirement can be easy to overlook, but a good way to approach it is in the classroom portion of the program.

Keep in mind that if a topic doesn’t apply to your trucks or workplace, you don’t have to train on it. For example, if you don’t have any ramps or hazardous (classified) locations in your facility, your forklift operators don’t need training on these topics.

Truck-related topics include the following:

• Operation instruction, warnings
• Differences between forklift and automobile
• Controls, instrumentation
• Engine, motor operation
• Steering
• Visibility, restrictions
• Fork, attachment operation
• Capacity
• Stability
• Inspection, maintenance
• Refueling, recharging
• Operating limitations
• Operator’s manual instructions, precautions

Workplace-related topics are examples like these:

• Surfaces
• Load composition
• Load handling
• Pedestrians
• Narrow, restricted areas
• Hazardous (classified) locations
• Ramps
• Poor ventilation
• Other hazards

#3 Determine success

The trainees must successfully complete the formal and practical instruction, but how you determine success is up to you. For the classroom portion, you could give a written or oral test or otherwise evaluate the trainees’ knowledge. For the practical training, the trainee must be able to safely perform all the operations used on the job.

#4 End here

An evaluation of the operator’s performance in the workplace must be conducted at the time of initial training. And an evaluation is required to determine the effectiveness of any refresher training.

Also, you must conduct an evaluation at least every three years. This means that at least once every three years every operator must be observed while they operate in the workplace under actual workplace conditions. During the evaluation, the operator must also be able to answer pertinent questions to demonstrate they have the knowledge to operate the forklift safely.

A key point to note here, this evaluation must be more than just a written or verbal test. The employer must observe the operator in action performing all typical tasks related to running the forklift. And, going back to where we started, the evaluation must be conducted by someone who has the knowledge, training, and experience to evaluate the truck operator’s competence.

Document the evaluation — this means placing a record in your training file that includes the name of the operator, the date of the training, the date of the evaluation, and the identity of the person(s) performing the training or evaluation.

Action item

This may be a good time for you to review your options for training forklift operators to ensure they’re meeting these guidelines. And, it’s always a great idea to have all your training procedures in written format for consistency.

Key to remember

Training forklift operators is an OSHA requirement. Follow this step-by-step guide and you can do it in-house.

Other safety tips

Tornado safety involves three phases: Preparing in advance, Staying safe during the storm, and Staying safe after the storm.

Employees should prepare a plan and an emergency kit, monitor weather conditions during thunderstorms, and know the best places to shelter wherever they work.

Employers should prepare a business continuity plan for dealing with the aftermath, from cleaning up the site to resuming business operations.

During a tornado warning, employees should remain in a shelter until given an all-clear signal. At a fixed worksite, this may come from an employer announcement. At other locations, employees may need to monitor conditions on their phone or radio.

After the storm, employees may need a way to communicate if they are trapped or injured. They should also watch for hazards such as downed power lines, gas leaks, building damage, or debris.

Key to remember: Tornadoes can happen at any time, but Spring is most active, and employers should prepare to protect workers.

OSHA’s announcement on helmets vs. hard hats

OSHA released a Safety and Health Bulletin (SHIB 11-22-2023) on November 22, 2023, detailing the key differences and benefits of using modern safety helmets over traditional hard hats.

And just a few weeks later, in the December 11, 2023 Trade Release, the Agency announced it would now require its inspectors to wear Type II head protection, which is also commonly referred to as safety helmets.

The two main benefits of Type II safety helmets

The November 22, 2023 SHIB discussed two main benefits of choosing modern safety helmets over traditional hard hats -- the construction of materials and the use of chinstraps.

And while OSHA has recognized the benefits of Type II safety helmets, and is actively taking steps to protect its own employees, it’s important to understand that there is not a new requirement for employers to make the switch to safety helmets.

That being said, a growing number of employers have recognized the benefits of added head protection and are choosing to use Type II helmets for their workers. In addition, some clients are starting to contractually require their construction contractors to make the switch as well.

Understanding the different types of head protection

Hard hats will have a Type I or Type II rating on the manufacturer’s sticker. These markings are based on ANSI Z89.1’s impact ratings.

Type I hard hats protect from objects or impacts from the top center area of the hard hat and are often used in work areas with no lateral head impact hazards.

Type II hard hats, on the other hand, offers protection from both top and lateral impacts and objects and is often found on construction job sites or complex general industry settings where workers face multiple head contact exposures.

Hard hats are classified based on their level of voltage protection. See the chart below.

Choosing the right head protection for your employees

Employers should conduct a job hazard analysis and/or a PPE assessment to determine which style hard hat is best for their workers. In general, OSHA recommends the use of Type II safety helmets at the following locations:

1. Construction Sites: For construction sites, especially those with high risks of falling objects and debris, impacts from equipment, or slips, trips, and falls, safety helmets have enhanced impact resistance and additional features that offer superior protection compared to the components and construction of traditional hard hats.

2. Oil and Gas Industry: In these sectors where workers face multiple hazards, including potential exposure to chemicals and severe impacts, safety helmets with additional features can provide comprehensive protection.

3. Working from Heights: For tasks or jobs that involve working from heights, safety helmets offer protection of the entire head and include features that prevent the safety helmet from falling off.

4. Electrical Work: For tasks involving electrical work or proximity to electrical hazards, safety helmets with non-conductive materials (Class G and Class E) provide protection to prevent electrical shocks. However, some traditional hard hats also offer electrical protection.

5. High-Temperature Environments: In high temperatures or where there is exposure to molten materials, safety helmets with advanced heat-resistant properties can provide additional protection to workers.

Key to remember: While there isn’t a new requirement for safety helmets, employers should review their workplace hazards to determine which style of hard hat will best protect their employees.

Letters of Interpretation

As clarified in an OSHA Letter of Interpretation (LOI) dated October 18, 1995, “When any part of the body of an entrant breaks the plane of the opening of a PRCS large enough to allow full entry, entry is considered to have occurred and a permit is required, regardless of whether there is an intent to fully enter the space.”

This definition of “entry” might seem to be too strict. Still, OSHA’s letter clarifies that there are situations where a partial entry would be hazardous: “Examples of situations where entry by only part of the body into a PRCS can expose an entrant to the possibility of injury or illness are as follows:

1. An entrant can possibly suffer a burn while reaching into a PRCS, which is so classified because it contains a thermal hazard.
2. An entrant can possibly fall into a below-grade PRCS while standing on a vertical ladder in the opening of the space, which is so classified because it contains an oxygen-deficient atmosphere.
3. An entrant can possibly become unconscious as result of his head accidentally entering a PRCS while they are reaching into a PRCS, which is so classified because it contains an oxygen deficient atmosphere.”

As another example, if the space contains a flammable or oxygen-enriched atmosphere, and if the activities during a partial entry could produce a spark or other ignition source, then a fire in the space could flash out of the opening and cause serious injuries to the employee.

OSHA’s guidance continues

This doesn’t necessarily mean you’d be fined if a permit wasn’t followed when someone reached a tank. OSHA’s guidance continues: “However, if entry by only part of the body does not expose the entrant to the possibility of injury or illness, then the violation may be considered a ‘de minimis’ violation.”

A de minimis violation is one in which a standard is violated, but the violation has no direct or immediate relationship to employee safety or health. These violations are documented but no citations are issued.

OSHA says examples of situations where entry by only part of the body into a PRCS would not expose an entrant to the possibility of injury or illness are as follows:

1. An entrant reaches through the opening of a horizontal PRCS, which is so classified only because it contains exposed live electrical parts ten feet from the opening.
2. An entrant puts his head through the opening of an overhead PRCS, which is so classified only because it contains unguarded rotating parts ten feet from the opening.

Also, consider a situation such as a worker reaching through a small grate to take a sample from a permitted space. The LOI further states, “If a part of the body were placed in an opening through which the worker could not pass into the permit-required confined space, no PRCS entry will have occurred.”

Keep in mind, however, that the employee would still need protection from any hazards involved in the task, but a permit would not be needed.

Key to remember

When any part of the body of an entrant breaks the plane of the opening of a PRCS large enough to allow full entry, entry is considered to have occurred, and a permit is required.

Other exit signage requirements to consider

The International Fire Code (IFC) was not adopted by OSHA; however, it’s likely to be referenced by local fire marshals. The IFC states, “Exit signs are not required in rooms or areas that require only one exit or exit access.” Generally, a room or area that holds fewer than 50 people is permitted to have only one exit. These rooms are typically smaller with an exit that is close and obvious, so an exit sign shouldn’t be needed inside the room. For example, individual offices, small conference rooms, storage rooms, and bathrooms usually don’t have exit signs because the way out is obvious.

Additional requirements for office exits require they:

• Are free of obstructions. No materials or equipment may be placed, either permanently or temporarily, within the exit route.
• Are arranged so that employees aren’t required to travel toward a high hazard area unless the path of travel is effectively shielded from the high hazard area by suitable partitions or other physical barriers.
• Don’t pass through a room that can be locked, such as a bathroom, to reach an exit or exit discharge, or lead into a dead-end corridor.
• Are adequately lighted so that an employee with normal vision can see along the exit route.
• Have each exit route door be free of decorations or signs that obscure the visibility of the exit route door.

Key to remember

When considering exit signs for smaller offices, employers must determine the size of the room, path of travel to an exit, and how obvious the exit would be based on room size. Generally, a room intended to hold fewer than 50 people is permitted to have only one exit and would not require an exit sign.