- OSHA’s hearing conservation program applies to employers in General Industry whose employees are exposed to noise at a certain level.
- Employers must develop and administer an effective hearing conservation program for all employees who are exposed to noise at a certain level, to include providing hearing protectors at no charge.
- Employers must establish and maintain an audiometric testing program where excessive noise is present in the workplace.
Noise, or unwanted sound, is one of the most pervasive occupational health problems. Noise is a by-product of many industrial processes. Sound consists of pressure changes in a medium (usually air) that are caused by vibration or turbulence. These pressure changes produce waves emanating away from the turbulent or vibrating source. Exposure to high levels of noise causes hearing loss and may cause other harmful health effects as well. The extent of damage depends primarily on the intensity of the noise and the duration of the exposure.
The Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) requires employers to determine if workers are exposed to excessive noise in the workplace and, if so, to implement feasible engineering or administrative controls to eliminate or reduce hazardous levels of noise. Where controls are not sufficient, employers must implement an effective hearing conservation program.
OSHA’s standard for hearing protection in the workplace is detailed in 1910.95.
What are the PPE requirements for hearing protection?
OSHA’s hearing conservation program is designed to protect general industry employees, such as those working in the manufacturing, utilities, and service sectors. It does not cover the construction or the oil and gas well drilling and servicing industries. General industry employers with certain noise levels are required to take certain actions:
- Time-weighted average (TWA) exposures at or above the action level of 85 dBA or, equivalently, a dose of 50 percent, require a hearing conservation program.
- Time-weighted average (TWA) exposures exceeding the PEL (90 dBA as an eight-hour TWA, see Table G-16) require feasible engineering or administrative controls to be implemented.
Who must comply?
Employers must provide employees with hearing protection if they will be exposed to excessive noise in the workplace. To be in compliance, employers should:
- Administer a continuing, effective hearing conservation program IF employee noise exposures equal or exceed an eight-hour time-weighted average sound level (TWA) of 85 decibels measured on the A scale (slow response); OR equivalently, a dose of 50 percent. Note that a July 30, 2025, OSHA letter of interpretation answers questions about impact/impulse noise that exceeds 140 decibels.
- Institute a training program for all employees who are exposed to noise at or above an eight-hour time-weighted average of 85 decibels, and ensure employee participation in such program.
- Make copies of 1910.95 available to affected employees or their representatives and post a copy in the workplace.
- Use feasible administrative or engineering controls where needed.
- Establish and maintain an audiometric testing program by making audiometric testing available to all employees whose exposures equal or exceed an eight-hour time-weighted average of 85 decibels.
- Develop and implement a monitoring program if information indicates that any employee’s exposure may equal or exceed an eight-hour time-weighted average of 85 decibels.
- Maintain an accurate record of all employee exposure measurements required.
- Make hearing protectors available, at no cost, to all employees exposed to an eight-hour time-weighted average of 85 decibels or greater.
- Evaluate hearing protector attenuation for the specific noise environments in which the protector will be used.
Editor's note about hearing protector fit testing: Under 1910.95(j), employers must still use one of the mandatory methods in 1910.95 Appendix B to choose a selection of hearing protectors capable of providing adequate noise attenuation. However, once the worker selects a hearing protector from those options, then quantitative hearing protector fit testing (HPFT) can help verify adequate individual noise attenuation, according to an OSHA safety and health information bulletin (SHIB) 02-17-2026.
What is the PPE (noise) standard?
- The OSHA standard for noise exposure and protection is found at 1910.95
Per the Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) 1910.95:
Protection against the effects of noise exposure shall be provided when the sound levels exceed those shown in Table G-16 when measured on the A scale of a standard sound level meter at slow response. When noise levels are determined by octave band analysis, the equivalent A-weighted sound level may be determined as follows:
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| FIGURE G-9 Equivalent sound level contours. Octave band sound pressure levels may be converted to the equivalent A-weighted sound level by plotting them on this graph and noting the A-weighted sound level corresponding to the point of highest penetration into the sound level contours. This equivalent A-weighted sound level, which may differ from the actual A-weighted sound level of the noise, is used to determine exposure limits from Table 1.G-16. |
When employees are subjected to sound exceeding those listed in Table G-16, feasible administrative or engineering controls shall be utilized. If such controls fail to reduce sound levels within the levels of Table G-16, personal protective equipment shall be provided and used to reduce sound levels within the levels of the table.
- If the variations in noise level involve maxima at intervals of 1 second or less, it is to be considered continuous.
What are the types of hearing protection?
- The two main types of hearing protectors are ear plug and earmuffs.
- Employers should consider what level of noise employees are exposed to, and what the right hearing protection devices are for those conditions.
- Employers must ensure that the sound meters and dosimeters that are used to measure workplace noise levels meet ANSI standards.
There are two types of hearing protectors: ear plugs and earmuffs. Both types reduce the pressure of sound that reaches the eardrum and are the next line of defense when noise levels can’t be reduced to safe levels with engineering or administrative controls.
What are the criteria for hearing protection?
Some factors employers should consider when selecting the right hearing protection devices (HPDs) include:
- Noise hazard—how much noise will workers be dealing with?
- Noise frequency—will it be continuous or intermittent? (Some earplugs or muffs reduce the force of noise better at lower frequencies than at higher frequencies.)
- Fit and comfort—protective devices must fit properly and be comfortable enough to wear for as long as they are needed.
- Noise Reduction Rating (NRR)—All hearing protectors carry a label indicating the NRR; a higher number on the label means more effectiveness.
HPDs filter out loud noise. They do not block out sound completely, but they reduce the amount of sound reaching the delicate parts of the ear. By doing so, HPDs offer some protection so that hearing will not get overloaded by the surrounding noises (glare) that interfere with speech and machinery sounds.
ANSI standards for sound meters
Sound level meters used by the Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) meet the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Standard S1.4 “Specifications for Sound Level Meters.” The ANSI standard sets performance and accuracy tolerances according to three levels of precision: Types 0, 1, and 2. Type 0 is used in laboratories, Type 1 is used for precision measurements in the field, and Type 2 is used for general-purpose measurements.
For compliance purposes, readings with an ANSI Type 2 sound level meter and dosimeter are considered to have an accuracy of ±2 dBA, while a Type 1 instrument has an accuracy of ±1 dBA.
A Type 2 meter is the minimum requirement by OSHA for noise measurements and is usually sufficient for general purpose noise surveys.
The Type 1 meter is preferred for the design of cost-effective noise controls.
For unusual measurement situations, employers should refer to the manufacturer’s instructions and appropriate ANSI standards for guidance in interpreting instrument accuracy.
Dosimeter
Like a sound level meter, a noise dosimeter can also measure sound levels. Unlike a sound level meter, the dosimeter is actually worn by the employee in order to determine the personal noise dose during the workshift or sampling period. Dosimeters can be used to:
- Take compliance measurements according to OSHA’s noise standard.
- Measure the employee’s exposure to noise and automatically compute the necessary noise dose calculations.
Factors to consider with the use of a dosimeter include:
- The microphone must be placed in the employee’s hearing zone. OSHA defines the hearing zone as a sphere with a two-foot diameter surrounding the head.
- The user must select specific instrument settings for the dosimeter.
- Special considerations may be involved with the use and care of a dosimeter.
ANSI standards for personal dosimeters
The ANSI standard for personal dosimeters is S1.25-1991, “Specifications for Personal Noise Dosimeters.” Some older dosimeters only meet the 1978 version of this standard. The 1978 version was not intended for measuring noise that is predominantly impulsive. For noise that is impulsive in nature, a dosimeter meeting the 1991 version of the standard is recommended.
Octave-band analyzers
Octave-band analyzers are sound level meters that can be used to:
- Help determine the adequacy of various types of frequency-dependent noise controls.
- Select hearing protectors because they can measure the amount of attenuation (how much a sound is weakened) offered by the protectors in the octave bands responsible for most of the sound energy in a given situation.
- Divide noise into its frequency components.
Some sound level meters may have an octave or one-third octave band filter attached or integrated into the instrument. Usually a Type 1 (precision) sound level meter is used for octave and one-third octave analysis.
The filters are used to analyze the frequency content of noise. They are also valuable for the calibration of audiometers and to determine the adequacy of various types of noise control.
Frequency components may include:
- Most octave-band filter sets provide filters with the following center frequencies: 31.5, 63, 125, 250, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000, 8,000, and 16,000 Hertz (Hz).
For a more detailed analysis, the spectrum is sometimes measured in one-third octave bands.
The special signature of any given noise can be obtained by taking sound level meter readings at each of the center frequency bands. The results may indicate octave bands that contain most of the total sound power being radiated.
Training and maintenance for hearing PPE
- Employers must train employees on the effects of excess noise on hearing, the purpose and use of hearing protection, and the purpose of audiometric testing.
- Employers must train employees to properly care for and maintain hearing protection devices.
Workers exposed to time-weighted averages (TWAs) of 85 dB and above must be trained every year in:
- The effects of noise,
- The purpose, advantages, disadvantages, and attenuation of various types of hearing protectors,
- The selection, fitting, and care of protectors, and
- The purpose and procedures of audiometric testing.
The training requirements are found at 1910.95(k)—Training programs; 1910.95(l)—Access to information and training materials; and 1910.95(i)(4)—The employer shall provide training in the use and care of all hearing protectors provided to employees. The Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) requires employers to establish a training program for all employees with noise exposures at or above the action level and ensure employee participation. Training must be repeated annually for each employee in the hearing conservation program and the information must be updated to be consistent with changes in protective equipment and work processes.
The employer must ensure that each employee is informed of the following:
- The effects of noise on hearing.
- The purpose of hearing protectors, the advantages, disadvantages, and attenuation of various types, and instructions on selection, fitting, use, and care.
- The purpose of audiometric testing and an explanation of test procedures.
Employers must also train employees on the proper care and maintenance of their hearing protection.