Electric vehicles (EV) - Four areas to understand before a transition

What’s happened?

A quick look at the rule’s development shows:

• 7/28/2025 — OSHA received a petition for rulemaking that covers obligations for ladder retrofits under 1910.28(b)(9).
• 9/15/2025 — OSHA posted a memo confirming it intends to eliminate 1910.28(b)(9)(i)(D).
• 12/18/2025 — OSHA sent its Walking-Working Surfaces (WWS) - Fixed Ladders proposal to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA).
• 1/13/2026 — OIRA and OSHA met with the American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers (AFPM).
• 1/21/2026 — OIRA and OSHA met with the Employers OSHA Modernization Coalition.
• 1/27/2026 — OIRA plans to meet with attorneys representing the American Petroleum Institute (API).

What did the petition request?

The seven-page petition, written by legal counsel on behalf of the AFPM, API, and American Chemistry Council (ACC), requests that OSHA:

• Withdraw the provision under the WWS standard for fixed ladders that extend more than 24 feet to be equipped with personal fall arrest systems (allowing the continued use of ladder cages or wells); or
• Grandfather fixed ladders installed before a particular date (authorizing the continued use of existing ladder cages or wells for those ladders).

Unjustified provision?

Petitioners argue that OSHA, in its 2010 proposed WWS rule, failed to:

• Take comments on the effectiveness of cages in protecting workers from falls,
• Disclose that the agency was evaluating whether to prohibit cages, and
• Give stakeholders a chance to submit evidence regarding cages.

The petition outlines the differences between the earlier proposed and final rules, noting that the 2010 proposal gave employers the choice to use any of four fall-protection types — cages, wells, ladder safety systems, or personal fall protection systems. However, the 2016 final rule gave a 2036 phase-out date for cages and wells.

The petition goes on to contend that:

• OSHA lacks sufficient evidence to justify prohibiting cages and wells;
• Data collected during the rulemaking process leaned toward preserving employer choices for fall protection; and
• Although the 2016 rulemaking preamble acknowledged the shift away from cages and wells, it did not fully discuss evidence in favor of cages and wells.

Other arguments in the petition

The petition raises several points questioning the benefits of paragraph (b)(9)(i)(D), stating that:

• In the past decade, AFPM, API, and ACC facilities have suffered only a few injuries, with no fatalities involving cages and wells;
• Cages offer passive protection, whereas ladder safety systems and personal fall arrest systems require workers to take action to comply;
• Personal protective equipment (PPE) lies at the bottom of the hierarchy of controls;
• Safety risks also exist for ladder safety systems and personal fall arrest systems; and
• Installing new ladders or retrofitting existing ones introduces hazards to those performing that work.

Finally, the petition addresses significant compliance costs, estimating several billion dollars for tens of thousands of ladders at U.S. refineries alone. Petitioners also cited additional expenses for rerating pressure vessels and engineering any process equipment changes.

What does OSHA say?

OSHA officially announced in a September 2025 memo that it is proposing to remove 1910.28(b)(9)(i)(D). The agency calls it a deregulatory action in line with Executive Order 14192. The memo reasons, “OSHA anticipates this change will allow employers to update their ladders when the ladders reach the end of their service lives, accommodating the lengthy service life of fixed ladders, while significantly reducing costs and offering greater flexibility.”

The WWS - Fixed Ladders proposal reached OIRA on December 18. OIRA typically takes 90 to 120 days for review, but recently a maximum 28-day review period for deregulatory actions was implemented. That means we anticipate OIRA will rush this proposal, so that OSHA may publish it in the Federal Register.

Key to remember

An upcoming OSHA proposal would withdraw 1910.28(b)(9)(i)(D). The rule was spurred by a petition.

What were the objections?

Examining the docket, we find several requests for withdrawal of the rule. Some of the concerns raised by commenters included:

• Misalignment with OSHA compliance dates — Commenters remarked that the rule does not align with the phased-in compliance deadlines in the OSHA Hazard Communication (HazCom) standard at 29 CFR 1910.1200(j). In fact, EPA’s compliance date precedes OSHA’s dates, making it “impossible to implement the required changes … for the 2026 reporting cycle,” asserted one commenter. This will force facilities to engage in premature self-classification, argued the commenter. “This misalignment introduces a high risk of inconsistent hazard reporting, undermining both regulatory clarity and the reliability of emergency planning data,” warned another.
• Unrealistic timeline — Commenters pointed out the fast-track schedule. “This timeline compresses the window for implementing critical updates to chemical management software systems [and] procedures [and] reconfiguring data collection processes,” explained a commenter who predicted that facilities will be unable to ensure compatibility between internal chemical management software systems and the new reporting structure, without timely access to updated EPA-provided Tier2Submit^® software.
• Implementation challenges — Facilities would be mandated to re-map each reported chemical (often before SDSs have been updated), claimed one commenter. State agencies would also have to incorporate the new hazard categories into their electronic reporting systems and revise guidance/training materials, according to another.
• New burdens with little benefit — While EPA announced that the rule was deregulatory, one commenter contends that it would make reporting “MORE burdensome.” The commenter also stressed that the rule would “not improve emergency planning or response.” Others emphasized that it exceeds what is necessary for harmonization with the OSHA HazCom standard and that the expanded reporting system would offer “little value.” Yet another commenter noted that using 112 hazard categories instead of 24 would overwhelm the public who have a right to know about the hazards in their communities.
• Rule characterization flaws — One commenter declared that “the rule’s characterization as ‘technical’ does not withstand scrutiny” because it substantively changes what information must be submitted; imposes non-trivial, potentially large costs on both the private sector and state/local programs; and conflicts with OSHA’s phased compliance framework.
• EPA obligation failures — Commenters also observed that EPA failed to assess or recognize “potentially large aggregate costs to the private sector and to state/local [agencies].” They also suggest that the agency estimate paperwork costs, determine whether small entities are affected, and request the Office of Management and Budget to review the rule. Finally, EPA has not meaningfully looked at costs and least-cost alternatives, one commenter said. The commenter gave alternative examples — “phased implementation aligned to OSHA’s schedule, optional dual-category reporting for one cycle, or a later effective date.”

What’s next?

Now, EPA is proceeding with writing a new final rule addressing all public comments. The agency published a parallel proposed rule on the same November date as the direct final rule. That proposal took comments (through December 24, 2025) on the substance of the direct final rule.

That means the agency has all it needs to work on a final rule. EPA made clear that no second round of comments will be collected, but the agency gave no hints as to when it might publish a new final rule.

Until then, the existing CFRs remain in place. In other words, the changes in the November 17, 2025, direct final rule will not take effect on January 16, 2026, as planned because they are now withdrawn.

Note that the direct final rule, had it taken effect, would not have impacted the Tier II forms due on or before March 1, 2026. Rest assured that it is “business as usual” for Tier II reporting due by March 1, 2026. Similarly, SDS reporting requirements continue as is.

For background information, check out our November 25th article, “EPA’s SDS/Tier II reporting now in lockstep with OSHA HazCom.”

Key to remember

On January 9th, EPA withdrew the November 17th direct final rule that would have amended Part 370. The withdrawal is prompted by an adverse comment. A new final rule is in the works.

The importance of CPR and early defibrillation

For every minute a patient is in cardiac arrest, their chances of survival decrease dramatically. When a patient doesn’t have a pulse and isn’t breathing, CPR should be performed until an AED is available. It’s important to note that CPR alone does not restart the heart. CPR is an oxygen circulation procedure. AEDs, on the other hand, are meant for lifesaving intervention.

CPR and early defibrillation are vital components of the emergency medical services (EMS) chain of survival that increases the odds of cardiac patient survival. However, according to the American Heart Association (AHA), even the best CPR can’t provide enough circulation of oxygen to the brain and heart for more than a few minutes. In fact, a patient whose brain is deprived of oxygen for 10 minutes or more seldom recovers.

Signs and symptoms of cardiac compromise

Just like a reliable vehicle, the circulatory system is the human body’s blood transportation system, and the heart is the engine. Amazingly, the heart generates its own electrical impulses, pumping in a regular, rhythmic manner. As with any engine, the heart requires a certain amount of pressure to function and doesn’t work well when clogged with grease or debris. The most common causes of sudden cardiac arrest include a heart attack, electrocution, and asphyxiation — all of which could occur in the workplace. Common signs and symptoms include:

• Chest pain accompanied by a crushing or squeezing sensation,
• Pain that radiates to the jaw or arm,
• Irregular pulse and/or abnormal blood pressure,
• Shortness of breath,
• Cool and sweaty skin,
• Nausea and vomiting, and
• Anxiety or feeling of impending doom.

CPR provides the pressure for the body’s “engine” to oxygen circulating, while an AED provides the electrical impulses to keep the engine pumping.

OSHA requirements regarding CPR

OSHA 1910.151 requires first aid treatment be provided in the absence of an infirmary, clinic, or hospital in near proximity to the workplace used to treat injured employees. This may include assisting a victim of cardiac arrest using CPR or defibrillation.

OSHA requirements for CPR and defibrillation differ considerably. Standards requiring CPR include:

• 1910.146 Permit-required Confined Spaces
• 1910.266 Appendix B: Logging Operations – First Aid and CPR Training
• 1910.269 Electric Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution
• 1910.410 Qualifications of Dive Team and
• 1926.950 Construction Subpart V, Power Transmission and Distribution

OSHA recommends basic adult CPR refresher training and retesting every year, and first aid training at least once every three years. CPR training include facilitated discussion along with ’hands-on’ skills training that uses mannequins and partner practice.

OSHA requirements regarding AEDs — you might need a prescription

Though OSHA recognizes AEDs as important lifesaving technology that plays a role in treating cardiac arrest, the agency doesn’t currently require their use in the workplace. Instead, OSHA wants employers to assess their own requirements for AEDs as part of their first aid response.

AEDs are considered Class III medical devices which means the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has some oversight on their use. Almost all AEDs require the purchaser to obtain a prescription from a physician under FDA regulations. The prescription process is meant as a quality control mechanism to ensure AEDs are properly maintained, that all designated responders are properly trained, and assist employers with establishing an emergency response plan for their workplace AED program.

The AHA requires AED operators to also receive CPR training as an “integral part of providing lifesaving aid to people suffering sudden cardiac arrest.” Though easy to use, each AED is slightly different, so training helps users understand the unique traits and supplies for the individual units at their workplace. Additionally, AED users must be trained to understand the signs of a sudden cardiac arrest, when to activate the EMS system, and how to perform CPR.

AEDs are light, portable, easy to use, and inexpensive. They’re best placed near high-hazard areas such as confined spaces, near electrical energy, or in remote work areas. Response time to reach AEDs should be kept within 3–5-minutes.

Training requirements

Many states require or encourage CPR and AED training from nationally recognized organizations. Any AED training should include CPR training. OSHA doesn’t offer first aid or CPR training, nor certify trainers. Training by a nationally recognized organization, such as AHA, the American Red Cross, or National Safety Council is recommended.

Keys to Remember

While OSHA doesn’t currently require the use of AEDs in the workplace, they do expect employers to assess their own AED requirements as part of their first aid response. AED training is required by most states and should include CPR with a hands-on practical component.

A restart

The rescheduling proposal would move marijuana to the same drug class as prescription drugs such as Tylenol with codeine, ketamine, and steroids. It would also make it possible for medical marijuana to be prescribed to patients.

While the executive order revives the marijuana rescheduling issue, it will likely be 6-12 months before a final rule is issued.

Hearings will need to be scheduled, and comments from the hearings will need to be considered before a final rule is published.

DOT drug testing

A lot must happen before any changes will occur under the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) drug testing regulations. The DOT is required to follow U.S. Health and Human Services (HHS) guidelines for DOT drug testing, including the drug testing panel.

Until the federal Drug Enforcement Administration acts on rescheduling marijuana, neither the HHS nor DOT can move forward. Changes to the DOT drug testing panel can’t occur until:

• The HHS provides new guidelines, and
• Regulation 49 CFR Part 40 is revised through the rulemaking process.

At this time, it’s unknown whether there will be any stipulations built into the rescheduling allowing the HHS and DOT to continue testing for marijuana.

Stay the course for now

As the process plays out, employers not covered by federal drug and alcohol testing regulations should continue to follow state medical marijuana laws and watch for updates on workplace drug policy implications.

More will be known about how this executive order will influence workplace drug policies after hearings are completed and a final rule is issued. It’s likely that state laws will continue to make an impact on how employers handle marijuana in the workplace, however.

Key to remember: The federal government is once again looking at moving marijuana to a lower classification of drug. Until a final rule is issued, employers should continue to follow their current workplace drug policies. DOT testing panel may see changes, unless stipulations are built into rulemaking. The transportation industry anxiously waits to see how Executive Order will (or will not) impact DOT testing.

1. Activate your FMCSA Portal account

Carriers should log into their Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) Portal account to either create or confirm active status for those accounts. An active Portal account allows you to claim your existing USDOT Number and to create a company account in Motus later this year.

You can log into an existing account by navigating to the Portal login page, and create a new account on the Portal’s registration page.

2. Verify your Portal user list

You can use the “Account Management” tab in the Portal to view and confirm which users have access to your Portal account. Double check to make sure the Company Official listed on the site is either the company owner or the employee who’s in charge of handling FMCSA registration.

Keep in mind that the Company Official’s Login.gov email for the Portal must be the same Login.gov email used for logging into Motus. This is the only way to link your USDOT Number with the Motus account.

The FMCSA recommends ensuring that the Company Official isn’t a transportation service provider or outside consultant.

3. Update your company info

The FMCSA recommends submitting an online Biennial Update (MCS-150) under the Portal’s “Registration” tab. This will make sure the most up-to-date information is on file and help make the transition to Motus even smoother.

Further assistance

For help with any of these steps or answers to your questions about how to manage your Portal account, please see the FMCSA Portal Registration User Guide for more specific guidance.

For-hire vs. private

For-hire carriers use vehicles to transport people or property and are paid for their service. The fee could be a direct fee like a fare or a rate but could also be other indirect forms of compensation. Examples of for-hire operations include a trucking company that hauls other people’s property for a fee (direct compensation) or a hotel that includes in its service the transportation to and from the airport to the hotel (indirect compensation).

Private carriers, on the other hand, transport only their own goods or people. Examples include a manufacturer that uses its own commercial vehicles to transport its product, a construction or landscaping company that uses commercial vehicles to transport equipment and employees to job sites, or a utility company that operates commercial vehicles in support of its operations.

For-hire operating authority

While private carriers are not required to obtain operating authority from the FMCSA, for-hire carriers are required to get authority to move property or people that belong to somebody else and get paid for their service. Having authority is often referred to as having an MC Number.

The most common types of authority are:

• Property for-hire
• Passenger for-hire
• Household goods
• Broker
• Freight forwarder

If a company never operates a commercial motor vehicle (CMV), it is possible to have authority, but not have a USDOT number. For example, straight brokers or freight forwarders.

As part of obtaining for-hire authority, carriers must designate process agents and demonstrate financial responsibility (have proper insurance coverage).

One size does not fit all

Authorities are not all-inclusive. Separate authority is needed for each type of service offered. For instance, a for-hire, over-the-road carrier that also wants to be able to resell its extra demand will need both for-hire and brokerage authorities. A company is required to pay a $300 one-time fee for each type of authority needed.

Permanent authority required

There are no temporary permits available to substitute for authority. For-hire operations may not be performed until the proper authority has been granted. It’s not uncommon for otherwise private carriers to become for-hire carriers to generate revenue on back-hauls or help balance capacity and demand during slow periods or seasons.

Getting it right

Carriers need to get it right when it comes to authority. Carriers required to have authority — but don’t and operate anyway — can get themselves into trouble. Penalties for operating without proper authority can get expensive and can result in out-of-service orders.

Federal law

Under the federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), employers may deduct overpayments from employees’ future wages, even if that would result in the employees being paid below the minimum wage.

Big lump-sum deductions, however, might not sit well with employees, risking negative employee relations and trust.

State laws

Just because the federal FLSA allows related deductions, many state laws have limits on how much employers may deduct.

In California, for example, employers may not make deductions to recover overpayments unless the employer and employee have a written agreement, and the employee voluntarily consents to the deduction. The deduction also can’t cause the employee’s pay to fall below the state’s minimum wage.

An ounce of prevention

To help prevent overpaying employees, employers may take a few steps, such as the following:

• Automate payroll processes as much as possible;
• Audit all related processes and tools regularly;
• Have clear timekeeping and payroll policies; and
• Encourage employees to review their payments and paystubs regularly, and ask them to report any issues quickly so mistakes can be resolved.

Key to remember: Mistakes happen, including those that result in overpaying employees. Employers can, however, take steps to fix them and prevent them from recurring.

Focus on filing

A good place to start the organizational process is by auditing employee files. Employee personnel files need to be organized in a manner that allows for quick access, whether electronic or paper files. The information also needs to be as complete as possible.

These files might be the source of a company’s defense if an employee ever decides to lodge a complaint with a government agency or file a suit against the employer. If the information isn’t accessible or complete, an agency representative could see this as the employer’s noncompliance with a law, or a judge may see this as a lack of evidence of fair employee treatment.

No matter how HR professionals organize their files, some information must NOT be included in the general employee files. Employee and applicant medical information, for example, must be kept separate and confidential.

3 focus areas to start getting more organized this year

1. FLSA recordkeeping. The federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) has certain recordkeeping requirements. The FLSA doesn’t require a particular form for the records, but does require that the records include certain identifying information about each employee and data about the hours worked and the wages earned. The law requires this information to be accurate. Basic payroll and identifying employee data include such information as:

• Name,
• Address,
• Occupation,
• Rate or basis of pay and terms of compensation (i.e., benefits),
• Daily and weekly hours worked per pay period,
• Additions to or deductions from wages, and
• Total compensation paid.

Employers must keep payroll records and collective bargaining agreements for at least 3 years. Records on which wage computations are based should be kept for 2 years. This would include such data as time cards, wage rate tables, work and time schedules, records of additions to or deductions from wages, etc. These records must be open for inspection by the government representatives, and may be kept at the place of employment or in a central records office.

2. EEOC recordkeeping. The federal Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) regulations require that employers keep all personnel or employment records for 1 year. If an employee is involuntarily terminated, their personnel records must be retained for 1year from the date of termination. Additionally, employers must keep any employee benefit plan (such as pension and insurance plans) and any written seniority or merit system for the full period the plan or system is in effect and for at least 1 year after its termination.

3. FMLA recordkeeping. Covered employers are required to make and keep records about the company’s obligations under the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) in accordance with the FLSA recordkeeping requirements. The FMLA also refers to the confidentiality provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act and Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008. Generally, employers must keep FMLA-related records for at least 3 years. No particular order or form of the records, however, is required. Other FMLA information to keep includes such details as:

• Dates when employees take FMLA leave. Employers may want to include copies of timesheets or records, written requests for leave, etc.
• Specific hours of leave if it’s taken in increments of less than one full day.
• Written copies of employee notices of leave they give to the employer and copies of all required general and specific written notices given to employees.
• Any documents, including written and electronic records, describing employee benefits or a company’s policies and practices regarding the taking of paid and unpaid leave.
• Premium payments for employee benefits.
• Records of any disputes between the employer and an employee regarding the designation of leave as FMLA leave, including any written statement from the employer or employee of the reasons for the designation and for the disagreement.

The bottom line

Remember, employers may keep records either electronically or have physical paper copies, but either method needs to be locked down and kept secure. Only designated personnel should be able to access the information within the rules of each applicable law.

It’s also good to set up a “purge” schedule to go through and discard old records once the time requirements have passed.

Key to remember: If getting more organized is a goal for this year, January’s a great time to get started. Focusing on the recordkeeping requirements of the FLSA, EEOC, and FMLA can help set the tone for the year.

A closer look at the top serious violations

Machine guarding – Types of guarding methods. Operating machinery or equipment can be extremely dangerous when it’s not properly guarded or maintained. Injuries involving machinery or equipment often result in death or permanent disability. One or more methods of machine guarding must be provided to protect the operator and other employees in the machine area from hazards such as those created by point of operation, ingoing nip points, rotating parts, flying chips and sparks. Examples of guarding methods include barrier guards, two-hand tripping devices, and electronic safety devices.

Hazard communication – Written program; information and training; safety data sheets (SDSs) readily accessible. HazCom gives employees the right to know the hazards of the chemicals they’re exposed to. Covered employers must develop and implement a written program that describes how they’re complying with the provisions of 1910.1200, provide information and training, and ensure SDSs are readily accessible in employees’ work area throughout each shift.

Lockout/tagout – Procedures shall be developed; periodic inspection. Workers servicing or maintaining machines or equipment may be seriously injured or killed if hazardous energy is not properly controlled. Employers must develop energy control procedures for machines and equipment when they’re being serviced or maintained, following the criteria in 1910.147(c)(4). Procedures must be reviewed annually (the “periodic inspection”) to ensure they’re being followed and to correct any deficiencies.

Powered industrial trucks (PITs) – Operator competency. Employers must ensure that each PIT operator is competent to operate a powered industrial truck safely, as demonstrated by the successful completion of the training and evaluation specified in 1910.178(l)(1). Certification of training and evaluation must include the name of the operator, the date of the training, the date of the evaluation, and the identity of the person(s) performing the training or evaluation.

Respiratory protection – Written program; medical evaluation. In workplaces where respirators are necessary to protect the health of the employee or whenever respirators are required by the employer, a written respiratory protection program with worksite-specific procedures must be developed and implemented, following the requirements in 1910.134(c)(1). Employers must provide a medical evaluation to determine the employee's ability to use a respirator, before the employee is fit tested or required to use the respirator in the workplace.

Medical services and first aid – Eye and body flushing facilities provided. Where the eyes or body of any person may be exposed to injurious corrosive materials, suitable facilities for quick drenching or flushing of the eyes and body must be provided within the work area for immediate emergency use. OSHA uses the associated ANSI standard, ANSI Z358.1: Emergency Eyewash & Shower Standard, during inspections when evaluating the suitability of emergency eyewash and shower protection provided by the employer.

Key to remember: Employers who fall under 29 CFR 1910 can use OSHA’s list of most frequently cited serious violations to strengthen their safety programs and protect their workforce.

For a deeper dive, check out our related article: Avoid $50K in 'serious' OSHA fines: Learn where others slipped up in FY 2025.

No driver’s license but must be 18 years old

Since forklifts are not operated on public roads, the operator does not need a driver’s license. In fact, OSHA requires training on the differences between a forklift and a car. Someone with a driver's license might assume that forklifts handle like cars, but they do not!

A forklift operator must, however, be at least 18 years old. That’s not in the OSHA regulations, but appears in the child labor regulations. Minors under 18 years of age cannot operate (or even ride on) equipment like forklifts or scissor lifts.

Seatbelts required

Everyone knows that forklift operators must use the seatbelt if the forklift has one. That does not appear in the OSHA standard, but it’s usually a safety warning in the forklift operator manual. Since failing to wear a seat belt is a recognized hazard that could cause serious injury, OSHA uses the General Duty Clause to cite employers that don’t enforce seatbelt use.

Hearing or vision impairments

Employers occasionally hire trainees with hearing loss, vision impairment, or other physical limitations. Alternatively, an experienced forklift operator could get injured or experience similar impairments. OSHA does not establish specific requirements for vision, hearing, or other qualifications, and physical limitations are not necessarily disqualifying.

Instead, employers must evaluate the individual and determine if the person can operate safely. Trainers should work with their Human Resources team to evaluate possible accommodations under the Americans with Disabilities Act. Do not assume that a physical limitation would prevent someone from becoming a safe forklift operator. If an evaluation finds that the person cannot meet acceptable safety standards, the employer may refuse to certify the operator.

Trainers might need training

The employer determines who is qualified to deliver powered industrial truck training. The trainer must have the “knowledge, training, and experience” to train and evaluate operators. Attending a “train the trainer” class and getting a certification isn’t a bad idea, but OSHA doesn’t require any particular course or certification to be a trainer.

OSHA does, however, require that the trainer have experience using the type of equipment that trainees will operate. Since experience is required, the trainer likely received training on using that equipment. Further, if the employer purchases a new type of truck or attachment that the trainer has never used, the trainer will need experience using that equipment before training others.

For related information, see our articles on Debunking the mysteries of forklift training (Part 1) and Debunking the mysteries of forklift training (Part 2).

Even minor modifications require approval

Modifications that affect “safe operation” require the manufacturer’s written approval per 1910.178(a)(4). In OSHA’s view, that covers nearly any change, even adding a warning light or backup alarm. A Letter of Interpretation dated April 11, 1997, clarified that if the manufacturer does not respond or refuses to approve a modification, employers may instead get approval from a Qualified Registered Professional Engineer. Employers should ensure that forklift operators don’t modify equipment, like adding plywood or tarps to the cage as a sun shade. Those changes could affect safe operation and would require approval.

Key to remember: The powered industrial truck standard does not address every issue that employers might face, but employers can find answers in other regulations or guidance.

Learning from others

In August 2022, OSHA responded to an allegation that the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) was not providing potable water to one of its facilities, nor was there an operating bathroom for workers.

OSHA inspectors discovered that the USPS had not paid water and sanitation bills dating back to February 2022. As a result, in July 2022, the water supply was shut off and was not returned to service until the day after OSHA’s inspection.

It was determined that an employee was required to work at the facility without running water or a usable bathroom for more than a month. The investigation resulted in $13,840 in proposed penalties and serves as a great reminder for others.

Regulatory requirements

OSHA’s sanitation standard applies to all places of employment and requires the following:

• All places of employment shall be kept clean to the extent that the nature of the work allows. 1910.141(a)(3)(i)
• Every workroom floor shall be maintained, as far as practicable, in a dry condition. Where practical, waterproof footgear shall be provided. 1910.141(a)(3)(ii)
• Every floor, working place, and passageway shall be kept free from protruding nails, splinters, loose boards, and unnecessary holes and openings. 1910.141(a)(3)(iii)
• Any receptacle used for putrescible solid or liquid waste or refuse shall be leak-proof and must be thoroughly cleaned and maintained in a sanitary condition. 1910.141(a)(4)(i)
• All sweepings, solid or liquid wastes, refuse, and garbage shall be removed in such a manner as to avoid creating a menace to health and as often as necessary to maintain a sanitary workplace. 1910.141(a)(4)(ii)
• Every enclosed workplace shall be constructed, equipped, and maintained, as far as reasonably practicable, as to prevent the entrance or harborage of rodents, insects, and other vermin. A continuing and effective extermination program shall be instituted where their presence is detected. 1910.141(a)(5)
• Potable water shall be provided in all places of employment, for drinking, washing of the person, cooking, washing of foods, washing of cooking or eating utensils, washing of food preparation or processing premises, and personal service rooms. 1910.141(b)(1)(i)
• Portable drinking water dispensers shall be designed, constructed, and serviced so that sanitary conditions are maintained, shall be capable of being closed, and shall be equipped with a tap. 1910.141(b)(1)(iii)
• Except as otherwise indicated in 1910.141(c)(1)(i), toilet facilities, in toilet rooms separate for each sex, shall be provided in all places of employment in accordance with regulations. 1910.141(c)(1)(i) (NOTE: The toilet facility requirements of paragraph (c)(1)(i) do not apply to mobile crews or to normally unattended work locations so long as employees working at these locations have transportation immediately available to nearby toilet facilities which meet the other requirements of the regulation.)
• Lavatories shall be made available in all places of employment. They must also have hot and cold (or tepid) running water, hand soap, and hand towels or blowers provided. 1910.141(d)(2)

Keys to remember

OSHA’s sanitation standard, 1910.141, requires all employers to provide workers with access to clean drinking water, properly functioning restrooms, and sanitary working conditions.

What is a powered industrial truck?

A PIT includes a fork truck, tractor, platform lift truck, motorized hand truck, and other specialized industrial trucks powered by electric motors or internal combustion engines, excluding compressed air or nonflammable compressed gas-operated industrial trucks, farm vehicles, and vehicles intended primarily for earth moving or over-the-road hauling.

Note that OSHA’s current regulation covers 11 types of PITs, but at least 19 types are found in industry. An upcoming but long-term OSHA proposed rule would seek to update the standard to add new truck types.

Does OSHA require PIT operators to have a valid driver’s license?

Federal OSHA does not require a forklift operator to have a valid driver’s license. However, OSHA does require that every forklift operator be trained and certified to operate the powered industrial truck in the workplace, and that the operator’s performance be evaluated on the provisions of 1910.178(l)(3) every three years. The employer must have a record documenting that the driver has successfully completed the training. That is the only operating “license” required by OSHA.

Are motorized sweepers, floor scrubbers, and other personnel carriers (like golf carts) covered under OSHA’s PIT standard?

OSHA doesn’t have a specific regulation for motorized floor sweepers, floor scrubbers, and other types of personal conveyances (like golf carts) that aren’t intended to move, push, or pull materials. However, OSHA still expects this equipment to be used safely. Employers are encouraged to train operators on safe use by following the equipment manufacturer’s operating instructions.

How often do I need to perform forklift inspections and how should they be documented?

Federal OSHA requires forklifts to be inspected at least daily or after each shift when used around the clock.

Inspection logs aren’t required but are seen as a best practice for two reasons:

• They ensure all essential features of the vehicle are inspected routinely, and
• They provide evidence to an OSHA inspector that the vehicles are being inspected as required by 1910.178(q)(7).

Because it isn’t a regulatory requirement, inspection logs may be kept for any specified time period. It’s recommended to document the length of time a company decides to keep the inspection records in the employer’s written safety and health program, forklift program, or company policy (e.g., “We retain forklift inspection forms for three months”). This will demonstrate to OSHA that forklift operators are performing the daily inspections as required.

Can I use a forklift attachment like a safety platform or “man basket”?

The employer must obtain the manufacturer’s prior written approval before making modifications that would impact the safety and capacity of the PIT, such as adding a man basket. Updated capacity, operation, and maintenance instruction plates, tags, or decals are also required per OSHA.

Key to remember

Safe operation of PITs means a thorough understanding of the regulations. Employers have experts they can trust to answer their safety questions in this complex regulatory landscape.

Carbon monoxide: The silent threat

The danger begins with the air we breathe. Carbon monoxide is frequently called the “silent killer” because it is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. In the winter, the risk spikes as buildings are sealed tight to keep the cold out, inadvertently trapping any gases produced by fuel-burning equipment.

In industrial settings, this might be a propane-powered forklift running in a closed loading dock. In an office setting, it could be a malfunctioning furnace or the improper use of a kerosene heater. Because CO mimics the symptoms of common winter ailments, it is easy to ignore. Employees might complain of a "dull headache," "winter fatigue," or "nausea," assuming they are just coming down with a cold. However, a key red flag for employers is this "cluster effect." If multiple people in the same area begin feeling lethargic or dizzy simultaneously, it is probably not a virus—more than likely it is an environmental emergency. Protecting your team starts with the installation of CO detectors, but it continues with a culture where employees feel empowered to speak up the moment the air feels off.

Air quality to fire safety

Where fuel-burning equipment creates a chemical hazard, electric heating creates a structural one. When the central HVAC system can’t keep up with a January cold snap, the "personal space heater" becomes the most popular tool in the building. While these devices provide immediate relief, they are responsible for a staggering percentage of workplace fires because they are often treated as "plug-and-play" appliances rather than high-powered industrial tools.

The transition from a cozy workstation to a fire hazard often happens through simple proximity. This is where the "Three-Foot Rule" becomes non-negotiable. Whether it is a stack of paper, a plastic trash can, or a winter coat draped over a chair, combustible materials must be kept at a distance. A heater doesn't need to touch an object to ignite it; the constant radiant heat can raise the temperature of nearby materials to their ignition point over several hours.

Beyond the physical placement of the heater lies the electrical strain. A common mistake in office environments is "daisy-chaining” or plugging a space heater into a power strip or an extension cord. Most power strips are designed for low-draw electronics like monitors and phone chargers. A space heater draws a large amount of electricity, which can cause the internal wiring of a power strip to melt or ignite long before a circuit breaker ever trips. To bridge this gap, employers should enforce a "Direct-to-Wall" policy. If a heater cannot reach a wall outlet, it should not be used. This ensures the building’s heavy-duty wiring handles the load, rather than a thin plastic extension cord hidden under a rug.

Strategies

Protecting employees during the winter months requires a much broader view of indoor safety. It isn’t just about checking the furnace or just banning heaters; it’s about managing how we modify our environment. A few winter safety strategies should include:

• The "Last Man Out" Protocol: Assigning a team member to ensure all supplemental heaters are unplugged and not just turned off at the end of the day.
• HVAC Audits: Treating the need for space heaters as a "symptom" that the main heating system needs a professional tune-up or vent cleaning.
• Open Communication: Encouraging a "safety first" mindset where reporting a headache or a hot-to-the-touch power cord is rewarded, not dismissed.

Keys to remember: By addressing the air we breathe and the equipment we plug in as two parts of the same winter safety goal, employers can ensure that the workplace remains a sanctuary from the cold, rather than a source of danger.