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A commercial driver’s license is a license issued to an individual by a state or other jurisdiction of domicile, in accordance with federal standards, which authorizes the individual to operate a class of a commercial motor vehicle. The federal government has set specific licensing standards for vehicles that pose a higher safety risk, including heavier single-unit or combination vehicles, buses transporting 16 or more passengers (including the driver), and vehicles transporting hazardous materials.
One of the primary qualifications to operate a commercial motor vehicle (CMV) in interstate, intrastate, or foreign commerce is that the driver has a current and valid CMV operator’s license issued by the driver’s state of residence.
The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) sets standards for some of these licenses, specifically those for heavier single-unit or combination vehicles, buses transporting 16 or more passengers (including the driver), and vehicles transporting hazardous materials. These vehicles pose a higher safety risk and require a commercial driver’s license (CDL) or, for drivers first learning to drive these larger vehicles, a commercial learner’s permit (CLP).
The standards for a commercial driver’s license (CDL) or a commercial learner’s permit (CLP) apply to commercial motor vehicles (CMVs) as defined in 383.5. This includes CMVs used in interstate, intrastate, or foreign commerce to transport passengers or property if the vehicle meets one or more of these standards:
Anyone operating a CMV as defined above must carry a valid state-issued CDL or CLP.
Commercial driver’s license (CDL): A license issued to an individual by a state or other jurisdiction of domicile, in accordance with the standards contained in Part 383, to an individual which authorizes the individual to operate a class of a commercial motor vehicle (CMV).
Commercial learner’s permit (CLP): A permit issued to an individual by a state or other jurisdiction of domicile, in accordance with the standards in Part 383, which, when carried with a valid driver’s license issued by the same state or jurisdiction, authorizes the individual to operate a class of a CMV when accompanied by a holder of a valid CDL for purposes of behind-the-wheel (BTW) training. When issued to a CDL holder, a CLP serves as authorization for accompanied BTW training in a CMV for which the holder’s current CDL is not valid.
A limited set of drivers of commercial motor vehicles (CMVs) are exempt from needing a commercial driver’s license (CDL), but the list is smaller than the list of drivers who are exempt from other Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSRs). For example, school bus drivers or drivers working for a government agency are NOT exempt from needing CDLs, even though they may be exempt from most other FMCSRs. In some cases, states have the option to exempt certain drivers from needing a CDL or commercial learner’s permit (CLP) if they so choose. The following table summarizes these exemptions (refer to 383.3 for details):
Driver type | CDL exemption |
---|---|
Military drivers | The states must exempt drivers who operate CMVs for military purposes. This applies to active-duty military personnel; members of the military reserves; members of the national guard on active duty (including personnel on full-time national guard duty, personnel on part-time national guard training, and national guard military technicians (civilians who are required to wear military uniforms)); and active-duty U.S. Coast Guard personnel. This does not apply to U.S. Reserve technicians. |
Covered farm vehicles | States must exempt drivers of “covered farm vehicles” (as defined in 390.5) from the CDL requirements. |
Farmers | A state may exempt drivers of farm vehicles that are controlled and operated by a farmer (including employees or family members), used to transport either agricultural products, farm machinery, farm supplies, or both to or from a farm, are not used in the operations of a common or contract motor carrier, and are only used within 150 miles of the farmer’s farm. This waiver is only valid in the driver’s home state unless there is a reciprocity agreement with adjoining states. |
Firefighters and emergency responders | A state may exempt firefighters and other persons who operate CMVs that are necessary for the preservation of life or property or the execution of emergency governmental functions, are equipped with audible and visual signals, and are not subject to normal traffic regulation. This includes fire trucks, hook and ladder trucks, foam or water transport trucks, police SWAT team vehicles, ambulances, or other vehicles that are used in emergency response. This waiver is only valid in the driver’s home state unless there is a reciprocity agreement with adjoining states. |
Snow or ice removal | A state may exempt drivers employed by an eligible unit of local government, operating vehicles within the boundaries of that unit for the purpose of removing snow or ice from a roadway by plowing, sanding, or salting, if the normal driver is not available and additional assistance is needed due to a snow or ice emergency. This waiver is only valid in the driver’s home state unless there is a reciprocity agreement with adjoining states. |
Alaska drivers | The state of Alaska may issue restricted CDLs to drivers operating exclusively over roads that are not connected to the state highway system and that are not connected to any roadway with an average daily traffic volume greater than 499. These restricted licensees do not have to meet the same testing standards as other drivers. |
Farm-related service industries | A state may waive the required knowledge and skills tests and issue restricted CDLs to employees of farm-related service industries including agri-chemical businesses, custom harvesters, farm retail outlets and suppliers, and livestock feeders. These drivers must meet strict eligibility requirements.See 383.3(f). In addition, a state may waive the requirement for a hazardous materials endorsement for such drivers if they hold a Class A CDL and are transporting diesel in a quantity of 1,000 gallons or less in a placarded vehicle. See 383.3(i). |
Fireworks | A state may waive the required hazardous materials knowledge tests and issue restricted CDLs to part-time drivers operating CMVs under 10,001 pounds, from June 30 through July 6, transporting less than 500 pounds of fireworks. See 383.3(g). |
Motorhome and recreational vehicle (RV) driveaway | A special exemption exists for employees of U.S. driveaway companies, RV manufacturers, and RV dealers transporting RVs between manufacturing sites and dealer locations and for movements prior to first retail sale. A CDL is not required for RVs with gross vehicle weight ratings of 26,001 pounds or more if the actual weights stay below 26,001 pounds. This temporary exemption is described in the April 12, 2017, Federal Register, and is currently due to expire on April 6, 2022, but may be renewed. |
Commercial driver’s license (CDL) classes are determined by the manufacturer’s gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) or gross combination weight rating (GCWR), or the vehicle’s gross vehicle weight (GVW) or gross combination weight (GCW). The CDL classes, defined in 383.91(a), are as follows:
CDL class | Description |
---|---|
Class A | Any combination of vehicles with a GCWR of 26,001 pounds or more provided the GVWR of the vehicle(s) being towed is more than 10,000 pounds. |
Class B | Any single vehicle with a GVWR of 26,001 pounds or more, or any such vehicle towing a vehicle not more than 10,000 pounds GVWR. |
Class C | Any single vehicle, or combination of vehicles, that meets neither the definition of Class A nor that of Class B, but that either:
|
A driver holding a Class A CDL can also operate both Class B CDL and Class C CDL vehicles (with appropriate endorsements). A driver holding a Class B CDL can also operate a Class C vehicle (with appropriate endorsements). (383.91(c)).
Did you know?
Beginning February 7, 2022, before a driver may apply for or upgrade to a Class A or B commercial driver’s license (CDL) or seek an endorsement for hazardous materials, passengers, or school buses, the driver must complete entry-level driver training (ELDT). The training must be provided by an entity listed on the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration’s (FMCSA’s) Training Provider Registry (TPR) website and must include both classroom and behind-the-wheel components (classroom only for the hazardous materials endorsement). Once training is complete, the driver’s training certificate is submitted to the state driver licensing agency which may then administer the skills or knowledge test for the license or endorsement.
Exemptions to ELDT
ELDT does NOT apply to:
Complete details for ELDT rules effective on or after February 7, 2022, are found in Part 380, Subparts F and G (starting at 380.600).
Before operating a more specialized vehicle, a driver must pass a special written and/or driving test(s). If the driver passes the test(s), the driver’s commercial driver’s license (CDL) or commercial learner’s permit (CLP)* will show an endorsement to drive that type of vehicle. The endorsements are as follows:
Endorsement | Description |
---|---|
H | Hazardous materials |
N | Tank |
P | Passenger |
S | School bus |
T | Double/triple trailers |
X | A combination of tank and hazardous materials |
States may have additional codes for endorsements. These codes must be explained on the license.
*The only endorsements allowed on a CLP are passenger, school bus, and tank vehicle.
Obtaining an endorsement
To obtain an endorsement, drivers will need to pass a knowledge test. The school bus (S) and passenger (P) endorsements also require a skills test. Information about the testing standards can be found in Part 383 Subpart G, or obtained from the state licensing agency.
On or after February 7, 2022, drivers must complete entry-level driver training (ELDT), provided by an entity listed on the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration’s (FMCSA’s) Training Provider Registry (TPR) website before seeking a hazardous material (H), school bus (S), or passenger (P) endorsement. (Part 380 Subparts F and G).
Hazardous materials endorsement
Drivers operating any size of commercial motor vehicle (CMV) hauling hazardous materials (hazmat) in quantities requiring placarding must obtain a CDL with a hazardous materials endorsement (HME). This is true regardless of the state of operation and whether a carrier operates in intrastate or interstate commerce.
Hazmat is defined in 383.5 as “any material that has been designated as hazardous under 49 U.S.C. 5103 and is required to be placarded under Subpart F of Part 172 or any quantity of a material listed as a select agent or toxin in Part 73.” Under Part 383, states can only issue an HME for a maximum of five years. It could be for a lesser time if the state so desires. Drivers should contact state licensing agencies for specific details.
Waiver of endorsements for military
At the discretion of a state, the knowledge and skills test requirements for obtaining a passenger(P), tank (T), or hazardous materials (H) endorsement may be waived for current or former military service members if certain criteria are met. This exception does not waive the security screening requirements that must be met to obtain a hazardous materials endorsement.
Federal restrictions prevent the operation of certain commercial motor vehicles (CMVs) by certain commercial driver’s license (CDL) or commercial learner’s permit (CLP) holders. The federal licensing restrictions are summarized below:
Restriction | Description |
---|---|
Air brake (L) | If an applicant either fails the air brake portion of the knowledge test or performs the skills test in a vehicle not equipped with air brakes, the state must indicate on the CLP or CDL that the person is restricted from operating a CMV equipped with air brakes. |
Full air brake (Z) | If an applicant performs the skills test in a vehicle equipped with air over hydraulic brakes, the state must indicate on the CDL, that the person is restricted from operating a CMV equipped with any braking system operating fully on the air brake principle. Air over hydraulic brakes includes any braking system operating partially on the air brake and partially on the hydraulic brake principle. |
Manual transmission (E) | If an applicant performs the skills test in a vehicle equipped with an automatic transmission, the state must indicate on the CDL, that the person is restricted from operating a CMV equipped with a manual transmission. |
Tractor-trailer (O) | If an applicant performs the skills test in a combination vehicle for a Group A CDL with the power unit and towed unit connected with a pintle hook or other non-fifth wheel connection, the state must indicate on the CDL, that the person is restricted from operating a tractor-trailer combination connected by a fifth wheel that requires a Class A CDL |
Group A passenger vehicle (M) | If an applicant applying for a passenger endorsement performs the skills test in a passenger vehicle requiring a Class B CDL, the state must indicate on the CDL, that the person is restricted from operating a passenger vehicle requiring a Class A CDL. |
Group A and Group B passenger vehicle (N) | If an applicant applying for a passenger endorsement performs the skills test in a passenger vehicle requiring a Class C CDL, the state must indicate on the CDL, that the person is restricted from operating a passenger vehicle requiring a Class A or Class B CDL. |
Medical variance restriction (V) | The driver has received from FMCSA either an exemption letter or Skill Performance Evaluation (SPE) certificate that allows the driver to be issued a medical certificate. |
States may have additional codes for restrictions. These codes are explained on the license.
A commercial learner’s permit (CLP) is a temporary, state-issued permit that allows the holder to operate — for training purposes — a commercial motor vehicle (CMV) that normally requires a commercial driver’s license (CDL) but for which the CLP holder is not yet fully licensed. CLPs are valid for up to one year.
Drivers must hold a CLP for at least 14 days before obtaining a CDL or any CDL upgrade that requires a skills test.
CLP holders are not authorized to operate vehicles used in the transportation of hazardous materials, although they can train on tank vehicles that have been purged of all residue if they have the tank vehicle endorsement.
BTW CLP training conditions
For purposes of behind-the wheel (BTW) training on public roads or highways, a CLP is considered to be a valid CDL if the CLP holder:
CLP endorsements
The following endorsements are allowed on a CLP (all other endorsements are prohibited):
Endorsement | CLP criteria/Requirements |
---|---|
Passenger (P) | A CLP holder with a passenger or school bus endorsement must have taken and passed the applicable knowledge test. The CLP holder is prohibited from operating a commercial motor vehicle or school bus with passengers, other than federal/state auditors and inspectors, test examiners, other trainees, and the CDL holder who must accompany the CLP holder. |
School bus (S) | |
Tank vehicle (N) | A CLP holder with a tank vehicle endorsement must have taken and passed the N endorsement knowledge test. The CLP holder may only operate an empty tank vehicle and is prohibited from operating any tank vehicle that previously contained hazardous materials that has not been purged of any residue. |
A person required to have a commercial learner’s permit (CLP) or a commercial driver’s license (CDL), who is disqualified, must not drive a commercial motor vehicle (CMV) and an employer must not knowingly allow, require, permit, or authorize a driver who is disqualified to drive a CMV.
The CDL disqualification provisions are located in 383.51.
Major offenses incurred while driving any type of vehicle
The holder of a commercial driver’s license (CDL) or commercial learner’s permit (CLP) is disqualified from driving a commercial motor vehicle (CMV) if convicted of any of the following major offenses while driving any type of vehicle:
A CDL or CLP holder is disqualified if convicted of any of the following major offenses while operating a CMV:
Disqualification period for major offenses
The disqualification period is as follows:
First conviction (not transporting hazardous materials) | 1 year |
First conviction (transporting hazardous materials) | 3 years |
Second conviction | Life |
Using a vehicle in the commission of a felony involving the manufacturing, distributing, or dispensing of a controlled substance | Life (Not eligible for reinstatement) |
Using a CMV in the commission of a felony by engaging in certain types of human trafficking | Life (Not eligible for reinstatement) |
Reinstatement rules: Major offenses
A driver who has been disqualified for life may be eligible for reinstatement after meeting certain criteria, including serving a minimum disqualification period of 10 years. A reinstated driver convicted of another disqualifying offense will be permanently disqualified for life and ineligible to again apply for a reduction of the lifetime disqualification.
If a driver is convicted of using a vehicle in the commission of a felony involving the manufacturing, distributing, or dispensing of a controlled substance or using a CMV in the commission of a felony by engaging in certain types of human trafficking, the driver is disqualified for life and is not eligible for reinstatement.
Serious traffic violations incurred while driving any type of vehicle
The holder of a CDL or CLP is disqualified from driving a CMV if convicted of any combination of two or more of the following serious traffic violations while operating any type of vehicle:
Serious traffic violations incurred while driving a CMV
A driver is disqualified from driving a CMV if convicted of any combination of two or more of the following serious traffic violations while operating a CMV:
Disqualification period for serious offenses
The disqualification period is as follows:
Two serious traffic violations in separate incidents during any three-year period | 60 days |
Three serious traffic violations in separate incidents during any three-year period | 120 days |
The holder of a commercial driver’s license (CDL) or commercial learner’s permit (CLP) who is placed out of service by a law enforcement officer for a certain period or until a problem has been corrected, may not violate the officer’s order. A driver who violates an out-of-service order and is convicted of this violation, faces a fine and disqualification period.
Out-of-service disqualification period
The disqualification period is as follows:
First violations | 180 days to 1 year |
Second violation during a 10-year period | 2 years to 5 years |
Three or more violations during a 10-year period | 3 years to 5 years |
Out-of-service disqualification period: Bus and hazmat vehicle drivers
The penalties are more severe for bus drivers and drivers transporting hazardous materials. The disqualification period is as follows:
First violation | 180 days to 2 years |
All additional violations | 3 years to 5 years |
The holder of a commercial driver’s license (CDL) or commercial learner’s permit (CLP) is disqualified from driving a commercial motor vehicle (CMV) if convicted of operating a CMV in violation of a federal, state, or local law or regulation pertaining to one of the following six offenses at a railroad-highway grade crossing:
Disqualification period
The disqualification period is as follows:
First violation | At least 60 days |
Second violation during a 3-year period | At least 120 days |
Third or subsequent violation during a 3-year period | At least 1 year |
As the result of the Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act (CMVSA) of 1986, the Commercial Driver’s License Information System (CDLIS) and the National Driver Register (NDR) were created to support the issuance of commercial driver licenses (CDLs) by the jurisdictions. The combined use of the CDLIS and NDR is designed to ensure that each commercial motor vehicle (CMV) driver has only one driver’s license and one driving record. This goal is achieved through the cooperative exchange of information about CMV drivers, traffic convictions, and disqualifications. A state must use both the CDLIS and NDR to check a driver’s record, and the CDLIS to make certain that the applicant does not already have a CDL.
CDLIS has operated in all 51 U.S. jurisdictions (50 states and the District of Columbia) since April 1, 1992. The number of drivers in the system is growing at an average rate of more than 40,000 new records per month.
The CDLIS Central Site is managed by Electronic Data Systems (EDS) and consists of this Central Site and nodes at the Motor Vehicle Agencies (MVAs) of the 51 jurisdictions. The Central Site houses identification data about each commercial driver registered in the jurisdictions, such as:
This information constitutes a driver’s unique CDLIS Master Pointer Record (MPR). Each MVA houses detailed information about each driver for which it is the SOR. This detailed information, called the driver history, includes:
*Beginning January 30, 2012.
When a jurisdiction MVA queries CDLIS to obtain information about an applicant prior to issuing a CDL, the CDLIS Central Site compares data provided by the State of Inquiry (SOI) against all MPRs in CDLIS. If one or more matches are returned, then the CDLIS Central Site “points” the SOI to the SOR. The SOR can then provide the detailed information about the driver’s commercial driving history.
Employers, prospective employers, and drivers may request information from CDLIS by contacting the appropriate licensing agency.
The Canadian jurisdictions each have classified driver’s licensing systems, which require drivers to hold a valid license appropriate for the type of vehicle being driven.
Canada does not have designated “commercial” classes of licenses, although drivers operating commercial vehicles are typically licensed in Classes 1 – 4 (or Class A, B, C, D, E, or F in Ontario). Medical examinations are usually required for drivers in these classes, but requirements can vary among jurisdictions.
As long as a driver has a valid license appropriate for the vehicle being operated, the driver can operate the vehicle in a commercial or non-commercial capacity.
The standards for a commercial driver’s license (CDL) or a commercial learner’s permit (CLP) apply to commercial motor vehicles (CMVs) as defined in 383.5. This includes CMVs used in interstate, intrastate, or foreign commerce to transport passengers or property if the vehicle meets one or more of these standards:
Anyone operating a CMV as defined above must carry a valid state-issued CDL or CLP.
Commercial driver’s license (CDL): A license issued to an individual by a state or other jurisdiction of domicile, in accordance with the standards contained in Part 383, to an individual which authorizes the individual to operate a class of a commercial motor vehicle (CMV).
Commercial learner’s permit (CLP): A permit issued to an individual by a state or other jurisdiction of domicile, in accordance with the standards in Part 383, which, when carried with a valid driver’s license issued by the same state or jurisdiction, authorizes the individual to operate a class of a CMV when accompanied by a holder of a valid CDL for purposes of behind-the-wheel (BTW) training. When issued to a CDL holder, a CLP serves as authorization for accompanied BTW training in a CMV for which the holder’s current CDL is not valid.
A limited set of drivers of commercial motor vehicles (CMVs) are exempt from needing a commercial driver’s license (CDL), but the list is smaller than the list of drivers who are exempt from other Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSRs). For example, school bus drivers or drivers working for a government agency are NOT exempt from needing CDLs, even though they may be exempt from most other FMCSRs. In some cases, states have the option to exempt certain drivers from needing a CDL or commercial learner’s permit (CLP) if they so choose. The following table summarizes these exemptions (refer to 383.3 for details):
Driver type | CDL exemption |
---|---|
Military drivers | The states must exempt drivers who operate CMVs for military purposes. This applies to active-duty military personnel; members of the military reserves; members of the national guard on active duty (including personnel on full-time national guard duty, personnel on part-time national guard training, and national guard military technicians (civilians who are required to wear military uniforms)); and active-duty U.S. Coast Guard personnel. This does not apply to U.S. Reserve technicians. |
Covered farm vehicles | States must exempt drivers of “covered farm vehicles” (as defined in 390.5) from the CDL requirements. |
Farmers | A state may exempt drivers of farm vehicles that are controlled and operated by a farmer (including employees or family members), used to transport either agricultural products, farm machinery, farm supplies, or both to or from a farm, are not used in the operations of a common or contract motor carrier, and are only used within 150 miles of the farmer’s farm. This waiver is only valid in the driver’s home state unless there is a reciprocity agreement with adjoining states. |
Firefighters and emergency responders | A state may exempt firefighters and other persons who operate CMVs that are necessary for the preservation of life or property or the execution of emergency governmental functions, are equipped with audible and visual signals, and are not subject to normal traffic regulation. This includes fire trucks, hook and ladder trucks, foam or water transport trucks, police SWAT team vehicles, ambulances, or other vehicles that are used in emergency response. This waiver is only valid in the driver’s home state unless there is a reciprocity agreement with adjoining states. |
Snow or ice removal | A state may exempt drivers employed by an eligible unit of local government, operating vehicles within the boundaries of that unit for the purpose of removing snow or ice from a roadway by plowing, sanding, or salting, if the normal driver is not available and additional assistance is needed due to a snow or ice emergency. This waiver is only valid in the driver’s home state unless there is a reciprocity agreement with adjoining states. |
Alaska drivers | The state of Alaska may issue restricted CDLs to drivers operating exclusively over roads that are not connected to the state highway system and that are not connected to any roadway with an average daily traffic volume greater than 499. These restricted licensees do not have to meet the same testing standards as other drivers. |
Farm-related service industries | A state may waive the required knowledge and skills tests and issue restricted CDLs to employees of farm-related service industries including agri-chemical businesses, custom harvesters, farm retail outlets and suppliers, and livestock feeders. These drivers must meet strict eligibility requirements.See 383.3(f). In addition, a state may waive the requirement for a hazardous materials endorsement for such drivers if they hold a Class A CDL and are transporting diesel in a quantity of 1,000 gallons or less in a placarded vehicle. See 383.3(i). |
Fireworks | A state may waive the required hazardous materials knowledge tests and issue restricted CDLs to part-time drivers operating CMVs under 10,001 pounds, from June 30 through July 6, transporting less than 500 pounds of fireworks. See 383.3(g). |
Motorhome and recreational vehicle (RV) driveaway | A special exemption exists for employees of U.S. driveaway companies, RV manufacturers, and RV dealers transporting RVs between manufacturing sites and dealer locations and for movements prior to first retail sale. A CDL is not required for RVs with gross vehicle weight ratings of 26,001 pounds or more if the actual weights stay below 26,001 pounds. This temporary exemption is described in the April 12, 2017, Federal Register, and is currently due to expire on April 6, 2022, but may be renewed. |
Commercial driver’s license (CDL): A license issued to an individual by a state or other jurisdiction of domicile, in accordance with the standards contained in Part 383, to an individual which authorizes the individual to operate a class of a commercial motor vehicle (CMV).
Commercial learner’s permit (CLP): A permit issued to an individual by a state or other jurisdiction of domicile, in accordance with the standards in Part 383, which, when carried with a valid driver’s license issued by the same state or jurisdiction, authorizes the individual to operate a class of a CMV when accompanied by a holder of a valid CDL for purposes of behind-the-wheel (BTW) training. When issued to a CDL holder, a CLP serves as authorization for accompanied BTW training in a CMV for which the holder’s current CDL is not valid.
A limited set of drivers of commercial motor vehicles (CMVs) are exempt from needing a commercial driver’s license (CDL), but the list is smaller than the list of drivers who are exempt from other Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSRs). For example, school bus drivers or drivers working for a government agency are NOT exempt from needing CDLs, even though they may be exempt from most other FMCSRs. In some cases, states have the option to exempt certain drivers from needing a CDL or commercial learner’s permit (CLP) if they so choose. The following table summarizes these exemptions (refer to 383.3 for details):
Driver type | CDL exemption |
---|---|
Military drivers | The states must exempt drivers who operate CMVs for military purposes. This applies to active-duty military personnel; members of the military reserves; members of the national guard on active duty (including personnel on full-time national guard duty, personnel on part-time national guard training, and national guard military technicians (civilians who are required to wear military uniforms)); and active-duty U.S. Coast Guard personnel. This does not apply to U.S. Reserve technicians. |
Covered farm vehicles | States must exempt drivers of “covered farm vehicles” (as defined in 390.5) from the CDL requirements. |
Farmers | A state may exempt drivers of farm vehicles that are controlled and operated by a farmer (including employees or family members), used to transport either agricultural products, farm machinery, farm supplies, or both to or from a farm, are not used in the operations of a common or contract motor carrier, and are only used within 150 miles of the farmer’s farm. This waiver is only valid in the driver’s home state unless there is a reciprocity agreement with adjoining states. |
Firefighters and emergency responders | A state may exempt firefighters and other persons who operate CMVs that are necessary for the preservation of life or property or the execution of emergency governmental functions, are equipped with audible and visual signals, and are not subject to normal traffic regulation. This includes fire trucks, hook and ladder trucks, foam or water transport trucks, police SWAT team vehicles, ambulances, or other vehicles that are used in emergency response. This waiver is only valid in the driver’s home state unless there is a reciprocity agreement with adjoining states. |
Snow or ice removal | A state may exempt drivers employed by an eligible unit of local government, operating vehicles within the boundaries of that unit for the purpose of removing snow or ice from a roadway by plowing, sanding, or salting, if the normal driver is not available and additional assistance is needed due to a snow or ice emergency. This waiver is only valid in the driver’s home state unless there is a reciprocity agreement with adjoining states. |
Alaska drivers | The state of Alaska may issue restricted CDLs to drivers operating exclusively over roads that are not connected to the state highway system and that are not connected to any roadway with an average daily traffic volume greater than 499. These restricted licensees do not have to meet the same testing standards as other drivers. |
Farm-related service industries | A state may waive the required knowledge and skills tests and issue restricted CDLs to employees of farm-related service industries including agri-chemical businesses, custom harvesters, farm retail outlets and suppliers, and livestock feeders. These drivers must meet strict eligibility requirements.See 383.3(f). In addition, a state may waive the requirement for a hazardous materials endorsement for such drivers if they hold a Class A CDL and are transporting diesel in a quantity of 1,000 gallons or less in a placarded vehicle. See 383.3(i). |
Fireworks | A state may waive the required hazardous materials knowledge tests and issue restricted CDLs to part-time drivers operating CMVs under 10,001 pounds, from June 30 through July 6, transporting less than 500 pounds of fireworks. See 383.3(g). |
Motorhome and recreational vehicle (RV) driveaway | A special exemption exists for employees of U.S. driveaway companies, RV manufacturers, and RV dealers transporting RVs between manufacturing sites and dealer locations and for movements prior to first retail sale. A CDL is not required for RVs with gross vehicle weight ratings of 26,001 pounds or more if the actual weights stay below 26,001 pounds. This temporary exemption is described in the April 12, 2017, Federal Register, and is currently due to expire on April 6, 2022, but may be renewed. |
Commercial driver’s license (CDL) classes are determined by the manufacturer’s gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) or gross combination weight rating (GCWR), or the vehicle’s gross vehicle weight (GVW) or gross combination weight (GCW). The CDL classes, defined in 383.91(a), are as follows:
CDL class | Description |
---|---|
Class A | Any combination of vehicles with a GCWR of 26,001 pounds or more provided the GVWR of the vehicle(s) being towed is more than 10,000 pounds. |
Class B | Any single vehicle with a GVWR of 26,001 pounds or more, or any such vehicle towing a vehicle not more than 10,000 pounds GVWR. |
Class C | Any single vehicle, or combination of vehicles, that meets neither the definition of Class A nor that of Class B, but that either:
|
A driver holding a Class A CDL can also operate both Class B CDL and Class C CDL vehicles (with appropriate endorsements). A driver holding a Class B CDL can also operate a Class C vehicle (with appropriate endorsements). (383.91(c)).
Did you know?
Beginning February 7, 2022, before a driver may apply for or upgrade to a Class A or B commercial driver’s license (CDL) or seek an endorsement for hazardous materials, passengers, or school buses, the driver must complete entry-level driver training (ELDT). The training must be provided by an entity listed on the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration’s (FMCSA’s) Training Provider Registry (TPR) website and must include both classroom and behind-the-wheel components (classroom only for the hazardous materials endorsement). Once training is complete, the driver’s training certificate is submitted to the state driver licensing agency which may then administer the skills or knowledge test for the license or endorsement.
Exemptions to ELDT
ELDT does NOT apply to:
Complete details for ELDT rules effective on or after February 7, 2022, are found in Part 380, Subparts F and G (starting at 380.600).
Before operating a more specialized vehicle, a driver must pass a special written and/or driving test(s). If the driver passes the test(s), the driver’s commercial driver’s license (CDL) or commercial learner’s permit (CLP)* will show an endorsement to drive that type of vehicle. The endorsements are as follows:
Endorsement | Description |
---|---|
H | Hazardous materials |
N | Tank |
P | Passenger |
S | School bus |
T | Double/triple trailers |
X | A combination of tank and hazardous materials |
States may have additional codes for endorsements. These codes must be explained on the license.
*The only endorsements allowed on a CLP are passenger, school bus, and tank vehicle.
Obtaining an endorsement
To obtain an endorsement, drivers will need to pass a knowledge test. The school bus (S) and passenger (P) endorsements also require a skills test. Information about the testing standards can be found in Part 383 Subpart G, or obtained from the state licensing agency.
On or after February 7, 2022, drivers must complete entry-level driver training (ELDT), provided by an entity listed on the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration’s (FMCSA’s) Training Provider Registry (TPR) website before seeking a hazardous material (H), school bus (S), or passenger (P) endorsement. (Part 380 Subparts F and G).
Hazardous materials endorsement
Drivers operating any size of commercial motor vehicle (CMV) hauling hazardous materials (hazmat) in quantities requiring placarding must obtain a CDL with a hazardous materials endorsement (HME). This is true regardless of the state of operation and whether a carrier operates in intrastate or interstate commerce.
Hazmat is defined in 383.5 as “any material that has been designated as hazardous under 49 U.S.C. 5103 and is required to be placarded under Subpart F of Part 172 or any quantity of a material listed as a select agent or toxin in Part 73.” Under Part 383, states can only issue an HME for a maximum of five years. It could be for a lesser time if the state so desires. Drivers should contact state licensing agencies for specific details.
Waiver of endorsements for military
At the discretion of a state, the knowledge and skills test requirements for obtaining a passenger(P), tank (T), or hazardous materials (H) endorsement may be waived for current or former military service members if certain criteria are met. This exception does not waive the security screening requirements that must be met to obtain a hazardous materials endorsement.
Federal restrictions prevent the operation of certain commercial motor vehicles (CMVs) by certain commercial driver’s license (CDL) or commercial learner’s permit (CLP) holders. The federal licensing restrictions are summarized below:
Restriction | Description |
---|---|
Air brake (L) | If an applicant either fails the air brake portion of the knowledge test or performs the skills test in a vehicle not equipped with air brakes, the state must indicate on the CLP or CDL that the person is restricted from operating a CMV equipped with air brakes. |
Full air brake (Z) | If an applicant performs the skills test in a vehicle equipped with air over hydraulic brakes, the state must indicate on the CDL, that the person is restricted from operating a CMV equipped with any braking system operating fully on the air brake principle. Air over hydraulic brakes includes any braking system operating partially on the air brake and partially on the hydraulic brake principle. |
Manual transmission (E) | If an applicant performs the skills test in a vehicle equipped with an automatic transmission, the state must indicate on the CDL, that the person is restricted from operating a CMV equipped with a manual transmission. |
Tractor-trailer (O) | If an applicant performs the skills test in a combination vehicle for a Group A CDL with the power unit and towed unit connected with a pintle hook or other non-fifth wheel connection, the state must indicate on the CDL, that the person is restricted from operating a tractor-trailer combination connected by a fifth wheel that requires a Class A CDL |
Group A passenger vehicle (M) | If an applicant applying for a passenger endorsement performs the skills test in a passenger vehicle requiring a Class B CDL, the state must indicate on the CDL, that the person is restricted from operating a passenger vehicle requiring a Class A CDL. |
Group A and Group B passenger vehicle (N) | If an applicant applying for a passenger endorsement performs the skills test in a passenger vehicle requiring a Class C CDL, the state must indicate on the CDL, that the person is restricted from operating a passenger vehicle requiring a Class A or Class B CDL. |
Medical variance restriction (V) | The driver has received from FMCSA either an exemption letter or Skill Performance Evaluation (SPE) certificate that allows the driver to be issued a medical certificate. |
States may have additional codes for restrictions. These codes are explained on the license.
A commercial learner’s permit (CLP) is a temporary, state-issued permit that allows the holder to operate — for training purposes — a commercial motor vehicle (CMV) that normally requires a commercial driver’s license (CDL) but for which the CLP holder is not yet fully licensed. CLPs are valid for up to one year.
Drivers must hold a CLP for at least 14 days before obtaining a CDL or any CDL upgrade that requires a skills test.
CLP holders are not authorized to operate vehicles used in the transportation of hazardous materials, although they can train on tank vehicles that have been purged of all residue if they have the tank vehicle endorsement.
BTW CLP training conditions
For purposes of behind-the wheel (BTW) training on public roads or highways, a CLP is considered to be a valid CDL if the CLP holder:
CLP endorsements
The following endorsements are allowed on a CLP (all other endorsements are prohibited):
Endorsement | CLP criteria/Requirements |
---|---|
Passenger (P) | A CLP holder with a passenger or school bus endorsement must have taken and passed the applicable knowledge test. The CLP holder is prohibited from operating a commercial motor vehicle or school bus with passengers, other than federal/state auditors and inspectors, test examiners, other trainees, and the CDL holder who must accompany the CLP holder. |
School bus (S) | |
Tank vehicle (N) | A CLP holder with a tank vehicle endorsement must have taken and passed the N endorsement knowledge test. The CLP holder may only operate an empty tank vehicle and is prohibited from operating any tank vehicle that previously contained hazardous materials that has not been purged of any residue. |
A person required to have a commercial learner’s permit (CLP) or a commercial driver’s license (CDL), who is disqualified, must not drive a commercial motor vehicle (CMV) and an employer must not knowingly allow, require, permit, or authorize a driver who is disqualified to drive a CMV.
The CDL disqualification provisions are located in 383.51.
Major offenses incurred while driving any type of vehicle
The holder of a commercial driver’s license (CDL) or commercial learner’s permit (CLP) is disqualified from driving a commercial motor vehicle (CMV) if convicted of any of the following major offenses while driving any type of vehicle:
A CDL or CLP holder is disqualified if convicted of any of the following major offenses while operating a CMV:
Disqualification period for major offenses
The disqualification period is as follows:
First conviction (not transporting hazardous materials) | 1 year |
First conviction (transporting hazardous materials) | 3 years |
Second conviction | Life |
Using a vehicle in the commission of a felony involving the manufacturing, distributing, or dispensing of a controlled substance | Life (Not eligible for reinstatement) |
Using a CMV in the commission of a felony by engaging in certain types of human trafficking | Life (Not eligible for reinstatement) |
Reinstatement rules: Major offenses
A driver who has been disqualified for life may be eligible for reinstatement after meeting certain criteria, including serving a minimum disqualification period of 10 years. A reinstated driver convicted of another disqualifying offense will be permanently disqualified for life and ineligible to again apply for a reduction of the lifetime disqualification.
If a driver is convicted of using a vehicle in the commission of a felony involving the manufacturing, distributing, or dispensing of a controlled substance or using a CMV in the commission of a felony by engaging in certain types of human trafficking, the driver is disqualified for life and is not eligible for reinstatement.
Serious traffic violations incurred while driving any type of vehicle
The holder of a CDL or CLP is disqualified from driving a CMV if convicted of any combination of two or more of the following serious traffic violations while operating any type of vehicle:
Serious traffic violations incurred while driving a CMV
A driver is disqualified from driving a CMV if convicted of any combination of two or more of the following serious traffic violations while operating a CMV:
Disqualification period for serious offenses
The disqualification period is as follows:
Two serious traffic violations in separate incidents during any three-year period | 60 days |
Three serious traffic violations in separate incidents during any three-year period | 120 days |
The holder of a commercial driver’s license (CDL) or commercial learner’s permit (CLP) who is placed out of service by a law enforcement officer for a certain period or until a problem has been corrected, may not violate the officer’s order. A driver who violates an out-of-service order and is convicted of this violation, faces a fine and disqualification period.
Out-of-service disqualification period
The disqualification period is as follows:
First violations | 180 days to 1 year |
Second violation during a 10-year period | 2 years to 5 years |
Three or more violations during a 10-year period | 3 years to 5 years |
Out-of-service disqualification period: Bus and hazmat vehicle drivers
The penalties are more severe for bus drivers and drivers transporting hazardous materials. The disqualification period is as follows:
First violation | 180 days to 2 years |
All additional violations | 3 years to 5 years |
The holder of a commercial driver’s license (CDL) or commercial learner’s permit (CLP) is disqualified from driving a commercial motor vehicle (CMV) if convicted of operating a CMV in violation of a federal, state, or local law or regulation pertaining to one of the following six offenses at a railroad-highway grade crossing:
Disqualification period
The disqualification period is as follows:
First violation | At least 60 days |
Second violation during a 3-year period | At least 120 days |
Third or subsequent violation during a 3-year period | At least 1 year |
Major offenses incurred while driving any type of vehicle
The holder of a commercial driver’s license (CDL) or commercial learner’s permit (CLP) is disqualified from driving a commercial motor vehicle (CMV) if convicted of any of the following major offenses while driving any type of vehicle:
A CDL or CLP holder is disqualified if convicted of any of the following major offenses while operating a CMV:
Disqualification period for major offenses
The disqualification period is as follows:
First conviction (not transporting hazardous materials) | 1 year |
First conviction (transporting hazardous materials) | 3 years |
Second conviction | Life |
Using a vehicle in the commission of a felony involving the manufacturing, distributing, or dispensing of a controlled substance | Life (Not eligible for reinstatement) |
Using a CMV in the commission of a felony by engaging in certain types of human trafficking | Life (Not eligible for reinstatement) |
Reinstatement rules: Major offenses
A driver who has been disqualified for life may be eligible for reinstatement after meeting certain criteria, including serving a minimum disqualification period of 10 years. A reinstated driver convicted of another disqualifying offense will be permanently disqualified for life and ineligible to again apply for a reduction of the lifetime disqualification.
If a driver is convicted of using a vehicle in the commission of a felony involving the manufacturing, distributing, or dispensing of a controlled substance or using a CMV in the commission of a felony by engaging in certain types of human trafficking, the driver is disqualified for life and is not eligible for reinstatement.
Serious traffic violations incurred while driving any type of vehicle
The holder of a CDL or CLP is disqualified from driving a CMV if convicted of any combination of two or more of the following serious traffic violations while operating any type of vehicle:
Serious traffic violations incurred while driving a CMV
A driver is disqualified from driving a CMV if convicted of any combination of two or more of the following serious traffic violations while operating a CMV:
Disqualification period for serious offenses
The disqualification period is as follows:
Two serious traffic violations in separate incidents during any three-year period | 60 days |
Three serious traffic violations in separate incidents during any three-year period | 120 days |
The holder of a commercial driver’s license (CDL) or commercial learner’s permit (CLP) who is placed out of service by a law enforcement officer for a certain period or until a problem has been corrected, may not violate the officer’s order. A driver who violates an out-of-service order and is convicted of this violation, faces a fine and disqualification period.
Out-of-service disqualification period
The disqualification period is as follows:
First violations | 180 days to 1 year |
Second violation during a 10-year period | 2 years to 5 years |
Three or more violations during a 10-year period | 3 years to 5 years |
Out-of-service disqualification period: Bus and hazmat vehicle drivers
The penalties are more severe for bus drivers and drivers transporting hazardous materials. The disqualification period is as follows:
First violation | 180 days to 2 years |
All additional violations | 3 years to 5 years |
The holder of a commercial driver’s license (CDL) or commercial learner’s permit (CLP) is disqualified from driving a commercial motor vehicle (CMV) if convicted of operating a CMV in violation of a federal, state, or local law or regulation pertaining to one of the following six offenses at a railroad-highway grade crossing:
Disqualification period
The disqualification period is as follows:
First violation | At least 60 days |
Second violation during a 3-year period | At least 120 days |
Third or subsequent violation during a 3-year period | At least 1 year |
As the result of the Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act (CMVSA) of 1986, the Commercial Driver’s License Information System (CDLIS) and the National Driver Register (NDR) were created to support the issuance of commercial driver licenses (CDLs) by the jurisdictions. The combined use of the CDLIS and NDR is designed to ensure that each commercial motor vehicle (CMV) driver has only one driver’s license and one driving record. This goal is achieved through the cooperative exchange of information about CMV drivers, traffic convictions, and disqualifications. A state must use both the CDLIS and NDR to check a driver’s record, and the CDLIS to make certain that the applicant does not already have a CDL.
CDLIS has operated in all 51 U.S. jurisdictions (50 states and the District of Columbia) since April 1, 1992. The number of drivers in the system is growing at an average rate of more than 40,000 new records per month.
The CDLIS Central Site is managed by Electronic Data Systems (EDS) and consists of this Central Site and nodes at the Motor Vehicle Agencies (MVAs) of the 51 jurisdictions. The Central Site houses identification data about each commercial driver registered in the jurisdictions, such as:
This information constitutes a driver’s unique CDLIS Master Pointer Record (MPR). Each MVA houses detailed information about each driver for which it is the SOR. This detailed information, called the driver history, includes:
*Beginning January 30, 2012.
When a jurisdiction MVA queries CDLIS to obtain information about an applicant prior to issuing a CDL, the CDLIS Central Site compares data provided by the State of Inquiry (SOI) against all MPRs in CDLIS. If one or more matches are returned, then the CDLIS Central Site “points” the SOI to the SOR. The SOR can then provide the detailed information about the driver’s commercial driving history.
Employers, prospective employers, and drivers may request information from CDLIS by contacting the appropriate licensing agency.
The Canadian jurisdictions each have classified driver’s licensing systems, which require drivers to hold a valid license appropriate for the type of vehicle being driven.
Canada does not have designated “commercial” classes of licenses, although drivers operating commercial vehicles are typically licensed in Classes 1 – 4 (or Class A, B, C, D, E, or F in Ontario). Medical examinations are usually required for drivers in these classes, but requirements can vary among jurisdictions.
As long as a driver has a valid license appropriate for the vehicle being operated, the driver can operate the vehicle in a commercial or non-commercial capacity.