What is the purpose of labeling in food safety?

Food labeling requirements are designed to protect consumers by ensuring that food products are accurately represented and provide the information needed to make safe and informed choices. Effective labeling programs help food manufacturers and processors:

• Provide clear and accurate information about ingredients and allergens;
• Prevent misleading or false claims about food products;
• Support safe handling, storage, and use of food; and
• Ensure compliance with federal food safety and labeling regulations.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and U.S. Department of Agriculture/Food Safety Inspection Service (USDA/FSIS) have many similar labeling requirements, but they regulate different products and have some key differences.

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FDA-regulated foods	USDA/FSIS-regulated foods
Most packaged foods, beverages, snacks, dairy products, shell eggs, seafood, produce, dietary supplements.	Meat, poultry, processed egg products (liquid, frozen, dried).
Must include product identity, net quantity, ingredient list, manufacturer/distributor information, and Nutrition Facts (unless exempt).	Must include the same basic elements plus an official inspection legend and establishment number.
Regulated primarily under 21 CFR Part 101.	Regulated under FSIS labeling regulations, including 9 CFR Part 412 and related regulations.
Major allergens may be declared in the ingredient list, in parenthesis after an ingredient, or in a separate “Contains” statement.	Allergenic ingredients must be identified by their common or usual name in the ingredient statement. FSIS permits “Contains” statements, but they do not replace the ingredient list.
Major allergens may be declared in the ingredient list, in parenthesis after an ingredient, or in a separate “Contains” statement.	Nutrition labeling requirements apply but may differ depending on product type and exemptions. USDA labels also often include safe handling instructions where required.

Food labeling laws prohibit “misbranding.” This means a food product’s label can’t be false, misleading, or missing required information. Examples include undeclared allergens, incorrect ingredient statements, missing nutrition information, or using the wrong label on a product. Accurate labeling is essential to consumer safety, regulatory compliance, and preventing costly food recalls.

During inspections and audits, FDA and USDA/FSIS regulators may review labeling practices to verify that food products are accurately represented and meet regulatory requirements.