Latex allergy is a reaction to certain proteins in natural latex rubber, specifically those products manufacturer from the milky fluid derived from the rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis. Several types of synthetic rubber are also referred to as “latex,” but these do not release the proteins that cause allergic reactions. Reactions to latex vary:
- From localized redness and rash;
- To nasal, sinus, and eye symptoms;
- To asthmatic manifestations, including cough, wheeze, shortness of breath, and chest tightness;
- To, in some cases, severe systemic reactions with swelling of the face, lips, and airways that may progress rapidly to shock and, potentially, death.
Scope
Latex allergies are most commonly associated with employees who must wear gloves on the job; although, other types of latex products could raise issues. Items like goggles, respirators, and even rubber bands may contain latex. The two major routes of occupational exposure are dermal contact and inhalation. Note that latex proteins become fastened to the lubricant powder used in some gloves, so when workers change gloves, the protein/powder particles become airborne and can be inhaled.
Healthcare workers exposed to latex gloves or medical products containing latex are especially at risk. Workers such as housekeepers, hairdressers, and workers in industries that manufacture latex products are also at risk.
Key definitions
- Latex: Natural rubber latex, the product manufactured from a milky fluid derived from the rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis.
- Latex allergy: A reaction to certain proteins in latex rubber. The amount of latex exposure needed to produce sensitization or an allergic reaction is unknown.
Summary of requirements
OSHA requires employers to:
- Assess the workplace to determine if hazards are present, or are likely to be present, which necessitate the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). If such hazards are present, or likely to be present, then:
- Select, and have each affected employee use, the types of PPE that will protect the affected employee from the hazards identified in the hazard assessment;
- Communicate selection decisions to each affected employee;
- Select PPE that properly fits each affected employee;
- Complete a written certification of the hazard assessment; and
- Provide training to each employee who is required to use PPE.
- Post signs informing employees about any hazards that are of a nature such that failure to designate them may lead to accidental illness to employees or the public, or both.
- Ensure that appropriate PPE in the appropriate sizes is readily accessible at the worksite or is issued to employees, if covered by 1910.1030. Covered employers must also make the following glove types readily accessible to those employees who are allergic to the gloves normally provided:
- Hypoallergenic gloves,
- Glove liners,
- Powderless gloves, or
- Other similar alternatives.
(For further information and recommendations, visit OSHA’s Latex Allergy topic page.)
