Does OSHA require “three points of contact” when climbing a ladder?

Yes. When ascending or descending a ladder, employees must maintain “three points of contact” (two hands and a foot, or two feet and a hand) at all times per 1910.23(b)(11), (12), and (13) by:

• Facing the ladder,
• Using at least one hand to firmly grasp the ladder, and
• Not carrying any object or load that could cause them to lose balance and fall.

OSHA does not prohibit workers from carrying an item when they climb a ladder. They can as long as the size and shape of the object allows the worker to firmly grasp the ladder with that hand during the climb. The key here is to “firmly grasp” or maintain a firm hold on the ladder — the sliding hand technique is unsafe and not allowed per OSHA. If more than one tool is required for a job, then a worker will have to utilize a backpack, tool belts, quivers, or similar equipment.

In the preamble to Subpart D, “Walking-Working Surfaces,” final rule OSHA says that the intent of 1901.23(11), (12), and (13) is “for employers to ensure their workers maintain “three-point contact” (i.e., three points of control) with the ladder at all times while climbing.” OSHA drew the provisions of (b)(12) from the construction ladder standard referenced above. This requirement is also consistent with ANSI ladder standards.