Subpart D - Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel-Fired Steam Generators

§60.40 Applicability and designation of affected facility.

(a) The affected facilities to which the provisions of this subpart apply are:

(1) Each fossil-fuel-fired steam generating unit of more than 73 megawatts (MW) heat input rate (250 million British thermal units per hour (MMBtu/hr)).

§60.41 Definitions.

As used in this subpart, all terms not defined herein shall have the meaning given them in the Act, and in subpart A of this part.

Boiler operating day means a 24-hour period between 12 midnight and the following midnight during which any fuel is combusted at any time in the steam-generating unit. It is not necessary for fuel to be combusted the entire 24-hour period.

Coal means all solid fuels classified as anthracite, bituminous, subbituminous, or lignite by ASTM D388 (incorporated by reference, see §60.17).

Coal refuse means waste-products of coal mining, cleaning, and coal preparation operations (e.g. culm, gob, etc.) containing coal, matrix material, clay, and other organic and inorganic material.

Fossil fuel means natural gas, petroleum, coal, and any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from such materials for the purpose of creating useful heat.

Fossil fuel and wood residue-fired steam generating unit means a furnace or boiler used in the process of burning fossil fuel and wood residue for the purpose of producing steam by heat transfer.

Fossil-fuel-fired steam generating unit means a furnace or boiler used in the process of burning fossil fuel for the purpose of producing steam by heat transfer.

Natural gas means a fluid mixture of hydrocarbons (e.g., methane, ethane, or propane), composed of at least 70 percent methane by volume or that has a gross calorific value between 35 and 41 megajoules (MJ) per dry standard cubic meter (950 and 1,100 Btu per dry standard cubic foot), that maintains a gaseous state under ISO conditions. In addition, natural gas contains 20.0 grains or less of total sulfur per 100 standard cubic feet. Finally, natural gas does not include the following gaseous fuels: landfill gas, digester gas, refinery gas, sour gas, blast furnace gas, coal-derived gas, producer gas, coke oven gas, or any gaseous fuel produced in a process which might result in highly variable sulfur content or heating value.

Wood residue means bark, sawdust, slabs, chips, shavings, mill trim, and other wood products derived from wood processing and forest management operations.

[72 FR 32717, June 13, 2007, as amended at 77 FR 9447, Feb. 16, 2012]

§60.42 Standard for particulate matter (PM).

(a) Except as provided under paragraphs (b), (c), (d), and (e) of this section, on and after the date on which the performance test required to be conducted by §60.8 is completed, no owner or operator subject to the provisions of this subpart shall cause to be discharged into the atmosphere from any affected facility any gases that:

(1) Contain PM in excess of 43 nanograms per joule (ng/J) heat input (0.10 lb/MMBtu) derived from fossil fuel or fossil fuel and wood residue.

(2) Exhibit greater than 20 percent opacity except for one six-minute period per hour of not more than 27 percent opacity.

(b)(1) On or after December 28, 1979, no owner or operator shall cause to be discharged into the atmosphere from the Southwestern Public Service Company's Harrington Station #1, in Amarillo, TX, any gases which exhibit greater than 35 percent opacity, except that a maximum or 42 percent opacity shall be permitted for not more than 6 minutes in any hour.

(2) Interstate Power Company shall not cause to be discharged into the atmosphere from its Lansing Station Unit No. 4 in Lansing, IA, any gases which exhibit greater than 32 percent opacity, except that a maximum of 39 percent opacity shall be permitted for not more than six minutes in any hour.

(c) As an alternate to meeting the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section, an owner or operator that elects to install, calibrate, maintain, and operate a continuous emissions monitoring systems (CEMS) for measuring PM emissions can petition the Administrator (in writing) to comply with §60.42Da(a) of subpart Da of this part. If the Administrator grants the petition, the source will from then on (unless the unit is modified or reconstructed in the future) have to comply with the requirements in §60.42Da(a) of subpart Da of this part.

(d) An owner or operator of an affected facility that combusts only natural gas is exempt from the PM and opacity standards specified in paragraph (a) of this section.

(e) An owner or operator of an affected facility that combusts only gaseous or liquid fossil fuel (excluding residual oil) with potential SO₂ emissions rates of 26 ng/J (0.060 lb/MMBtu) or less and that does not use post-combustion technology to reduce emissions of SO₂ or PM is exempt from the PM standards specified in paragraph (a) of this section.

[60 FR 65415, Dec. 19, 1995, as amended at 76 FR 3522, Jan. 20, 2011; 74 FR 5077, Jan. 28, 2009; 77 FR 9447, Feb. 16, 2012]

§60.43 Standard for sulfur dioxide (SO2).

(a) Except as provided under paragraph (d) of this section, on and after the date on which the performance test required to be conducted by §60.8 is completed, no owner or operator subject to the provisions of this subpart shall cause to be discharged into the atmosphere from any affected facility any gases that contain SO₂ in excess of:

(1) 340 ng/J heat input (0.80 lb/MMBtu) derived from liquid fossil fuel or liquid fossil fuel and wood residue.

(2) 520 ng/J heat input (1.2 lb/MMBtu) derived from solid fossil fuel or solid fossil fuel and wood residue, except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section.

(b) Except as provided under paragraph (d) of this section, when different fossil fuels are burned simultaneously in any combination, the applicable standard (in ng/J) shall be determined by proration using the following formula:

Where:

PS_SO2 = Prorated standard for S_O2 when burning different fuels simultaneously, in ng/J heat input derived from all fossil fuels or from all fossil fuels and wood residue fired;

y = Percentage of total heat input derived from liquid fossil fuel; and

z = Percentage of total heat input derived from solid fossil fuel.

(c) Compliance shall be based on the total heat input from all fossil fuels burned, including gaseous fuels.

(d) As an alternate to meeting the requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section, an owner or operator can petition the Administrator (in writing) to comply with §60.43Da(i)(3) of subpart Da of this part or comply with §60.42b(k)(4) of subpart Db of this part, as applicable to the affected source. If the Administrator grants the petition, the source will from then on (unless the unit is modified or reconstructed in the future) have to comply with the requirements in §60.43Da(i)(3) of subpart Da of this part or §60.42b(k)(4) of subpart Db of this part, as applicable to the affected source.

(e) Units 1 and 2 (as defined in appendix G of this part) at the Newton Power Station owned or operated by the Central Illinois Public Service Company will be in compliance with paragraph (a)(2) of this section if Unit 1 and Unit 2 individually comply with paragraph (a)(2) of this section or if the combined emission rate from Units 1 and 2 does not exceed 470 ng/J (1.1 lb/MMBtu) combined heat input to Units 1 and 2.

[60 FR 65415, Dec. 19, 1995, as amended at 74 FR 5077, Jan. 28, 2009]

§60.44 Standard for nitrogen oxides (NOX).

(a) Except as provided under paragraph (e) of this section, on and after the date on which the performance test required to be conducted by §60.8 is completed, no owner or operator subject to the provisions of this subpart shall cause to be discharged into the atmosphere from any affected facility any gases that contain NO_X, expressed as NO₂ in excess of:

(1) 86 ng/J heat input (0.20 lb/MMBtu) derived from gaseous fossil fuel.

(2) 129 ng/J heat input (0.30 lb/MMBtu) derived from liquid fossil fuel, liquid fossil fuel and wood residue, or gaseous fossil fuel and wood residue.

(3) 300 ng/J heat input (0.70 lb/MMBtu) derived from solid fossil fuel or solid fossil fuel and wood residue (except lignite or a solid fossil fuel containing 25 percent, by weight, or more of coal refuse).

(4) 260 ng/J heat input (0.60 lb MMBtu) derived from lignite or lignite and wood residue (except as provided under paragraph (a)(5) of this section).

(5) 340 ng/J heat input (0.80 lb MMBtu) derived from lignite which is mined in North Dakota, South Dakota, or Montana and which is burned in a cyclone-fired unit.

(b) Except as provided under paragraphs (c), (d), and (e) of this section, when different fossil fuels are burned simultaneously in any combination, the applicable standard (in ng/J) is determined by proration using the following formula:

Where:

PS_NOX = Prorated standard for NO_X when burning different fuels simultaneously, in ng/J heat input derived from all fossil fuels fired or from all fossil fuels and wood residue fired;

w = Percentage of total heat input derived from lignite;

x = Percentage of total heat input derived from gaseous fossil fuel;

y = Percentage of total heat input derived from liquid fossil fuel; and

z = Percentage of total heat input derived from solid fossil fuel (except lignite).

(c) When a fossil fuel containing at least 25 percent, by weight, of coal refuse is burned in combination with gaseous, liquid, or other solid fossil fuel or wood residue, the standard for NO_X does not apply.

(d) Except as provided under paragraph (e) of this section, cyclone-fired units which burn fuels containing at least 25 percent of lignite that is mined in North Dakota, South Dakota, or Montana remain subject to paragraph (a)(5) of this section regardless of the types of fuel combusted in combination with that lignite.

(e) As an alternate to meeting the requirements of paragraphs (a), (b), and (d) of this section, an owner or operator can petition the Administrator (in writing) to comply with §60.44Da(e)(3) of subpart Da of this part. If the Administrator grants the petition, the source will from then on (unless the unit is modified or reconstructed in the future) have to comply with the requirements in §60.44Da(e)(3) of subpart Da of this part.

§60.45 Emissions and fuel monitoring.

(a) Each owner or operator of an affected facility subject to the applicable emissions standard shall install, calibrate, maintain, and operate continuous opacity monitoring system (COMS) for measuring opacity and a continuous emissions monitoring system (CEMS) for measuring SO₂ emissions, NO_X emissions, and either oxygen (O₂) or carbon dioxide (CO₂) except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section.

(b) Certain of the CEMS and COMS requirements under paragraph (a) of this section do not apply to owners or operators under the following conditions:

(1) For a fossil-fuel-fired steam generator that combusts only gaseous or liquid fossil fuel (excluding residual oil) with potential SO₂ emissions rates of 26 ng/J (0.060 lb/MMBtu) or less and that does not use post-combustion technology to reduce emissions of SO₂ or PM, COMS for measuring the opacity of emissions and CEMS for measuring SO₂ emissions are not required if the owner or operator monitors SO₂ emissions by fuel sampling and analysis or fuel receipts.

(2) For a fossil-fuel-fired steam generator that does not use a flue gas desulfurization device, a CEMS for measuring SO₂ emissions is not required if the owner or operator monitors SO₂ emissions by fuel sampling and analysis.

(3) Notwithstanding §60.13(b), installation of a CEMS for NO_X may be delayed until after the initial performance tests under §60.8 have been conducted. If the owner or operator demonstrates during the performance test that emissions of NO_X are less than 70 percent of the applicable standards in §60.44, a CEMS for measuring NO_X emissions is not required. If the initial performance test results show that NO_X emissions are greater than 70 percent of the applicable standard, the owner or operator shall install a CEMS for NO_X within one year after the date of the initial performance tests under §60.8 and comply with all other applicable monitoring requirements under this part.

(4) If an owner or operator is not required to and elects not to install any CEMS for either SO₂ or NO_X, a CEMS for measuring either O₂ or CO₂ is not required.

(5) For affected facilities using a PM CEMS, a bag leak detection system to monitor the performance of a fabric filter (baghouse) according to the most current requirements in §60.48Da of this part, or an ESP predictive model to monitor the performance of the ESP developed in accordance and operated according to the most current requirements in section §60.48Da of this part a COMS is not required.

(6) A COMS for measuring the opacity of emissions is not required for an affected facility that does not use post-combustion technology (except a wet scrubber) for reducing PM, SO₂, or carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, burns only gaseous fuels or fuel oils that contain less than or equal to 0.30 weight percent sulfur, and is operated such that emissions of CO to the atmosphere from the affected source are maintained at levels less than or equal to 0.15 lb/MMBtu on a boiler operating day average basis. Owners and operators of affected sources electing to comply with this paragraph must demonstrate compliance according to the procedures specified in paragraphs (b)(6)(i) through (iv) of this section.

(i) You must monitor CO emissions using a CEMS according to the procedures specified in paragraphs (b)(6)(i)(A) through (D) of this section.

(A) The CO CEMS must be installed, certified, maintained, and operated according to the provisions in §60.58b(i)(3) of subpart Eb of this part.

(B) Each 1-hour CO emissions average is calculated using the data points generated by the CO CEMS expressed in parts per million by volume corrected to 3 percent oxygen (dry basis).

(C) At a minimum, valid 1-hour CO emissions averages must be obtained for at least 90 percent of the operating hours on a 30-day rolling average basis. The 1-hour averages are calculated using the data points required in §60.13(h)(2).

(D) Quarterly accuracy determinations and daily calibration drift tests for the CO CEMS must be performed in accordance with procedure 1 in appendix F of this part.

(ii) You must calculate the 1-hour average CO emissions levels for each boiler operating day by multiplying the average hourly CO output concentration measured by the CO CEMS times the corresponding average hourly flue gas flow rate and divided by the corresponding average hourly heat input to the affected source. The 24-hour average CO emission level is determined by calculating the arithmetic average of the hourly CO emission levels computed for each boiler operating day.

(iii) You must evaluate the preceding 24-hour average CO emission level each boiler operating day excluding periods of affected source startup, shutdown, or malfunction. If the 24-hour average CO emission level is greater than 0.15 lb/MMBtu, you must initiate investigation of the relevant equipment and control systems within 24 hours of the first discovery of the high emission incident and, take the appropriate corrective action as soon as practicable to adjust control settings or repair equipment to reduce the 24-hour average CO emission level to 0.15 lb/MMBtu or less.

(iv) You must record the CO measurements and calculations performed according to paragraph (b)(6) of this section and any corrective actions taken. The record of corrective action taken must include the date and time during which the 24-hour average CO emission level was greater than 0.15 lb/MMBtu, and the date, time, and description of the corrective action.

(7) An owner or operator of an affected facility subject to an opacity standard under §60.42 that elects to not use a COMS because the affected facility burns only fuels as specified under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, monitors PM emissions as specified under paragraph (b)(5) of this section, or monitors CO emissions as specified under paragraph (b)(6) of this section, shall conduct a performance test using Method 9 of appendix A-4 of this part and the procedures in §60.11 to demonstrate compliance with the applicable limit in §60.42 by April 29, 2011 or within 45 days after stopping use of an existing COMS, whichever is later, and shall comply with either paragraph (b)(7)(i), (b)(7)(ii), or (b)(7)(iii) of this section. The observation period for Method 9 of appendix A-4 of this part performance tests may be reduced from 3 hours to 60 minutes if all 6-minute averages are less than 10 percent and all individual 15-second observations are less than or equal to 20 percent during the initial 60 minutes of observation. The permitting authority may exempt owners or operators of affected facilities burning only natural gas from the opacity monitoring requirements.

(i) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(7)(ii) or (b)(7)(iii) of this section, the owner or operator shall conduct subsequent Method 9 of appendix A-4 of this part performance tests using the procedures in paragraph (b)(7) of this section according to the applicable schedule in paragraphs (b)(7)(i)(A) through (b)(7)(i)(D) of this section, as determined by the most recent Method 9 of appendix A-4 of this part performance test results.

(A) If no visible emissions are observed, a subsequent Method 9 of appendix A-4 of this part performance test must be completed within 12 calendar months from the date that the most recent performance test was conducted or within 45 days of the next day that fuel with an opacity standard is combusted, whichever is later;

(B) If visible emissions are observed but the maximum 6-minute average opacity is less than or equal to 5 percent, a subsequent Method 9 of appendix A-4 of this part performance test must be completed within 6 calendar months from the date that the most recent performance test was conducted or within 45 days of the next day that fuel with an opacity standard is combusted, whichever is later;

(C) If the maximum 6-minute average opacity is greater than 5 percent but less than or equal to 10 percent, a subsequent Method 9 of appendix A-4 of this part performance test must be completed within 3 calendar months from the date that the most recent performance test was conducted or within 45 days of the next day that fuel with an opacity standard is combusted, whichever is later; or

(D) If the maximum 6-minute average opacity is greater than 10 percent, a subsequent Method 9 of appendix A-4 of this part performance test must be completed within 45 calendar days from the date that the most recent performance test was conducted.

(ii) If the maximum 6-minute opacity is less than 10 percent during the most recent Method 9 of appendix A-4 of this part performance test, the owner or operator may, as an alternative to performing subsequent Method 9 of appendix A-4 of this part performance test, elect to perform subsequent monitoring using Method 22 of appendix A-7 of this part according to the procedures specified in paragraphs (b)(7)(ii)(A) and (B) of this section.

(A) The owner or operator shall conduct 10 minute observations (during normal operation) each operating day the affected facility fires fuel for which an opacity standard is applicable using Method 22 of appendix A-7 of this part and demonstrate that the sum of the occurrences of any visible emissions is not in excess of 5 percent of the observation period (i.e., 30 seconds per 10 minute period). If the sum of the occurrence of any visible emissions is greater than 30 seconds during the initial 10 minute observation, immediately conduct a 30 minute observation. If the sum of the occurrence of visible emissions is greater than 5 percent of the observation period (i.e., 90 seconds per 30 minute period), the owner or operator shall either document and adjust the operation of the facility and demonstrate within 24 hours that the sum of the occurrence of visible emissions is equal to or less than 5 percent during a 30 minute observation (i.e., 90 seconds) or conduct a new Method 9 of appendix A-4 of this part performance test using the procedures in paragraph (b)(7) of this section within 45 calendar days according to the requirements in §60.46(b)(3).

(B) If no visible emissions are observed for 10 operating days during which an opacity standard is applicable, observations can be reduced to once every 7 operating days during which an opacity standard is applicable. If any visible emissions are observed, daily observations shall be resumed.

(iii) If the maximum 6-minute opacity is less than 10 percent during the most recent Method 9 of appendix A-4 of this part performance test, the owner or operator may, as an alternative to performing subsequent Method 9 of appendix A-4 performance tests, elect to perform subsequent monitoring using a digital opacity compliance system according to a site-specific monitoring plan approved by the Administrator. The observations shall be similar, but not necessarily identical, to the requirements in paragraph (b)(7)(ii) of this section. For reference purposes in preparing the monitoring plan, see OAQPS “Determination of Visible Emission Opacity from Stationary Sources Using Computer-Based Photographic Analysis Systems.” This document is available from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA); Office of Air Quality and Planning Standards; Sector Policies and Programs Division; Measurement Policy Group (D243-02), Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. This document is also available on the Technology Transfer Network (TTN) under Emission Measurement Center Preliminary Methods.

(8) A COMS for measuring the opacity of emissions is not required for an affected facility at which the owner or operator installs, calibrates, operates, and maintains a particulate matter continuous parametric monitoring system (PM CPMS) according to the requirements specified in subpart UUUUU of part 63.

(c) For performance evaluations under §60.13(c) and calibration checks under §60.13(d), the following procedures shall be used:

(1) Methods 6, 7, and 3B of appendix A of this part, as applicable, shall be used for the performance evaluations of SO₂ and NO_X continuous monitoring systems. Acceptable alternative methods for Methods 6, 7, and 3B of appendix A of this part are given in §60.46(d).

(2) Sulfur dioxide or nitric oxide, as applicable, shall be used for preparing calibration gas mixtures under Performance Specification 2 of appendix B to this part.

(3) For affected facilities burning fossil fuel(s), the span value for a continuous monitoring system measuring the opacity of emissions shall be 80, 90, or 100 percent. For a continuous monitoring system measuring sulfur oxides or NO_X the span value shall be determined using one of the following procedures:

(i) Except as provided under paragraph (c)(3)(ii) of this section, SO₂ and NO_X span values shall be determined as follows:

Where:

x = Fraction of total heat input derived from gaseous fossil fuel;

y = Fraction of total heat input derived from liquid fossil fuel; and

z = Fraction of total heat input derived from solid fossil fuel.

(ii) As an alternative to meeting the requirements of paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this section, the owner or operator of an affected facility may elect to use the SO₂ and NO_X span values determined according to sections 2.1.1 and 2.1.2 in appendix A to part 75 of this chapter.

(4) All span values computed under paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this section for burning combinations of fossil fuels shall be rounded to the nearest 500 ppm. Span values that are computed under paragraph (c)(3)(ii) of this section shall be rounded off according to the applicable procedures in section 2 of appendix A to part 75 of this chapter.

(5) For a fossil-fuel-fired steam generator that simultaneously burns fossil fuel and nonfossil fuel, the span value of all CEMS shall be subject to the Administrator's approval.

(d) [Reserved]

(e) For any CEMS installed under paragraph (a) of this section, the following conversion procedures shall be used to convert the continuous monitoring data into units of the applicable standards (ng/J, lb/MMBtu):

(1) When a CEMS for measuring O₂ is selected, the measurement of the pollutant concentration and O₂ concentration shall each be on a consistent basis (wet or dry). Alternative procedures approved by the Administrator shall be used when measurements are on a wet basis. When measurements are on a dry basis, the following conversion procedure shall be used:

Where E, C, F, and %O₂ are determined under paragraph (f) of this section.

(2) When a CEMS for measuring CO₂ is selected, the measurement of the pollutant concentration and CO₂ concentration shall each be on a consistent basis (wet or dry) and the following conversion procedure shall be used:

Where E, C, F_c and %CO₂ are determined under paragraph (f) of this section.

(f) The values used in the equations under paragraphs (e)(1) and (2) of this section are derived as follows:

(1) E = pollutant emissions, ng/J (lb/MMBtu).

(2) C = pollutant concentration, ng/dscm (lb/dscf), determined by multiplying the average concentration (ppm) for each one-hour period by 4.15 × 10 ⁴ M ng/dscm per ppm (2.59 × 10⁻⁹ M lb/dscf per ppm) where M = pollutant molecular weight, g/g-mole (lb/lb-mole). M = 64.07 for SO₂ and 46.01 for NO_X.

(3) %O₂, %CO₂ = O₂ or CO₂ volume (expressed as percent), determined with equipment specified under paragraph (a) of this section.

(4) F, F_c = a factor representing a ratio of the volume of dry flue gases generated to the calorific value of the fuel combusted (F), and a factor representing a ratio of the volume of CO₂ generated to the calorific value of the fuel combusted (F_c), respectively. Values of F and F_c are given as follows:

(i) For anthracite coal as classified according to ASTM D388 (incorporated by reference, see §60.17), F = 2,723 × 10⁻¹⁷ dscm/J (10,140 dscf/MMBtu) and F_c = 0.532 × 10⁻¹⁷ scm CO₂/J (1,980 scf CO₂/MMBtu).

(ii) For subbituminous and bituminous coal as classified according to ASTM D388 (incorporated by reference, see §60.17), F = 2.637 × 10⁻⁷ dscm/J (9,820 dscf/MMBtu) and F_c = 0.486 × 10⁻⁷ scm CO₂/J (1,810 scf CO₂/MMBtu).

(iii) For liquid fossil fuels including crude, residual, and distillate oils, F = 2.476 × 10⁻⁷ dscm/J (9,220 dscf/MMBtu) and F_c = 0.384 × 10⁻⁷ scm CO₂/J (1,430 scf CO₂/MMBtu).

(iv) For gaseous fossil fuels, F = 2.347 × 10⁻⁷ dscm/J (8,740 dscf/MMBtu). For natural gas, propane, and butane fuels, F_c = 0.279 × 10⁻⁷ scm CO₂/J (1,040 scf CO₂/MMBtu) for natural gas, 0.322 × 10⁻⁷ scm CO₂/J (1,200 scf CO₂/MMBtu) for propane, and 0.338 × 10⁻⁷ scm CO₂/J (1,260 scf CO₂/MMBtu) for butane.

(v) For bark F = 2.589 × 10⁻⁷ dscm/J (9,640 dscf/MMBtu) and F_c = 0.500 × 10⁻⁷ scm CO₂/J (1,840 scf CO₂/MMBtu). For wood residue other than bark F = 2.492 × 10⁻⁷ dscm/J (9,280 dscf/MMBtu) and F_c = 0.494 × 10⁻⁷ scm CO₂/J (1,860 scf CO₂/MMBtu).

(vi) For lignite coal as classified according to ASTM D388 (incorporated by reference, see §60.17), F = 2.659 × 10⁻⁷ dscm/J (9,900 dscf/MMBtu) and F_c = 0.516 × 10⁻⁷ scm CO₂/J (1,920 scf CO₂/MMBtu).

(5) The owner or operator may use the following equation to determine an F factor (dscm/J or dscf/MMBtu) on a dry basis (if it is desired to calculate F on a wet basis, consult the Administrator) or Fc factor (scm CO₂/J, or scf CO₂/MMBtu) on either basis in lieu of the F or F_c factors specified in paragraph (f)(4) of this section:

(i) %H, %C, %S, %N, and %O are content by weight of hydrogen, carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, and O₂ (expressed as percent), respectively, as determined on the same basis as GCV by ultimate analysis of the fuel fired, using ASTM D3178 or D3176 (solid fuels), or computed from results using ASTM D1137, D1945, or D1946 (gaseous fuels) as applicable. (These five methods are incorporated by reference, see §60.17.)

(ii) GVC is the gross calorific value (kJ/kg, Btu/lb) of the fuel combusted determined by the ASTM test methods D2015 or D5865 for solid fuels and D1826 for gaseous fuels as applicable. (These three methods are incorporated by reference, see §60.17.)

(iii) For affected facilities which fire both fossil fuels and nonfossil fuels, the F or Fc value shall be subject to the Administrator's approval.

(6) For affected facilities firing combinations of fossil fuels or fossil fuels and wood residue, the F or Fc factors determined by paragraphs (f)(4) or (f)(5) of this section shall be prorated in accordance with the applicable formula as follows:

Where:

X_i = Fraction of total heat input derived from each type of fuel (e.g. natural gas, bituminous coal, wood residue, etc.);

F_i or (F_c)_i = Applicable F or F_c factor for each fuel type determined in accordance with paragraphs (f)(4) and (f)(5) of this section; and

n = Number of fuels being burned in combination.

(g) Excess emission and monitoring system performance reports shall be submitted to the Administrator semiannually for each six-month period in the calendar year. All semiannual reports shall be postmarked by the 30th day following the end of each six-month period. Each excess emission and MSP report shall include the information required in §60.7(c). Periods of excess emissions and monitoring systems (MS) downtime that shall be reported are defined as follows:

(1) Opacity. Excess emissions are defined as any six-minute period during which the average opacity of emissions exceeds 20 percent opacity, except that one six-minute average per hour of up to 27 percent opacity need not be reported.

(i) For sources subject to the opacity standard of §60.42(b)(1), excess emissions are defined as any six-minute period during which the average opacity of emissions exceeds 35 percent opacity, except that one six-minute average per hour of up to 42 percent opacity need not be reported.

(ii) For sources subject to the opacity standard of §60.42(b)(2), excess emissions are defined as any six-minute period during which the average opacity of emissions exceeds 32 percent opacity, except that one six-minute average per hour of up to 39 percent opacity need not be reported.

(2) Sulfur dioxide. Excess emissions for affected facilities are defined as:

(i) For affected facilities electing not to comply with §60.43(d), any three-hour period during which the average emissions (arithmetic average of three contiguous one-hour periods) of SO₂ as measured by a CEMS exceed the applicable standard in §60.43; or

(ii) For affected facilities electing to comply with §60.43(d), any 30 operating day period during which the average emissions (arithmetic average of all one-hour periods during the 30 operating days) of SO₂ as measured by a CEMS exceed the applicable standard in §60.43. Facilities complying with the 30-day SO₂ standard shall use the most current associated SO₂ compliance and monitoring requirements in §§60.48Da and 60.49Da of subpart Da of this part or §§60.45b and §60.47b of subpart Db of this part, as applicable.

(3) Nitrogen oxides. Excess emissions for affected facilities using a CEMS for measuring NO_X are defined as:

(i) For affected facilities electing not to comply with §60.44(e), any three-hour period during which the average emissions (arithmetic average of three contiguous one-hour periods) exceed the applicable standards in §60.44; or

(ii) For affected facilities electing to comply with §60.44(e), any 30 operating day period during which the average emissions (arithmetic average of all one-hour periods during the 30 operating days) of NO_X as measured by a CEMS exceed the applicable standard in §60.44. Facilities complying with the 30-day NO_X standard shall use the most current associated NO_X compliance and monitoring requirements in §§60.48Da and 60.49Da of subpart Da of this part.

(4) Particulate matter. Excess emissions for affected facilities using a CEMS for measuring PM are defined as any boiler operating day period during which the average emissions (arithmetic average of all operating one-hour periods) exceed the applicable standards in §60.42. Affected facilities using PM CEMS must follow the most current applicable compliance and monitoring provisions in §§60.48Da and 60.49Da of subpart Da of this part.

(h) The owner or operator of an affected facility subject to the opacity limits in §60.42 that elects to monitor emissions according to the requirements in §60.45(b)(7) shall maintain records according to the requirements specified in paragraphs (h)(1) through (3) of this section, as applicable to the visible emissions monitoring method used.

(1) For each performance test conducted using Method 9 of appendix A-4 of this part, the owner or operator shall keep the records including the information specified in paragraphs (h)(1)(i) through (iii) of this section.

(i) Dates and time intervals of all opacity observation periods;

(ii) Name, affiliation, and copy of current visible emission reading certification for each visible emission observer participating in the performance test; and

(iii) Copies of all visible emission observer opacity field data sheets;

(2) For each performance test conducted using Method 22 of appendix A-4 of this part, the owner or operator shall keep the records including the information specified in paragraphs (h)(2)(i) through (iv) of this section.

(i) Dates and time intervals of all visible emissions observation periods;

(ii) Name and affiliation for each visible emission observer participating in the performance test;

(iii) Copies of all visible emission observer opacity field data sheets; and

(iv) Documentation of any adjustments made and the time the adjustments were completed to the affected facility operation by the owner or operator to demonstrate compliance with the applicable monitoring requirements.

(3) For each digital opacity compliance system, the owner or operator shall maintain records and submit reports according to the requirements specified in the site-specific monitoring plan approved by the Administrator.

[60 FR 65415, Dec. 19, 1995, as amended at 74 FR 5077, Jan. 28, 2009; 76 FR 3522, Jan. 20, 2011; 77 FR 9447, Feb. 16, 2012]

§60.46 Test methods and procedures.

(a) In conducting the performance tests required in §60.8, and subsequent performance tests as requested by the EPA Administrator, the owner or operator shall use as reference methods and procedures the test methods in appendix A of this part or other methods and procedures as specified in this section, except as provided in §60.8(b). Acceptable alternative methods and procedures are given in paragraph (d) of this section.

(b) The owner or operator shall determine compliance with the PM, SO₂, and NO_X standards in §§60.42, 60.43, and 60.44 as follows:

(1) The emission rate (E) of PM, SO₂, or NO_X shall be computed for each run using the following equation:

Where:

E = Emission rate of pollutant, ng/J (1b/million Btu);

C = Concentration of pollutant, ng/dscm (1b/dscf);

%O₂ = O₂ concentration, percent dry basis; and

F_d = Factor as determined from Method 19 of appendix A of this part.

(2) Method 5 of appendix A of this part shall be used to determine the PM concentration (C) at affected facilities without wet flue-gas-desulfurization (FGD) systems and Method 5B of appendix A of this part shall be used to determine the PM concentration (C) after FGD systems.

(i) The sampling time and sample volume for each run shall be at least 60 minutes and 0.85 dscm (30 dscf). The probe and filter holder heating systems in the sampling train shall be set to provide an average gas temperature of 160±14°C (320±25°F).

(ii) The emission rate correction factor, integrated or grab sampling and analysis procedure of Method 3B of appendix A of this part shall be used to determine the O₂ concentration (%O₂). The O₂ sample shall be obtained simultaneously with, and at the same traverse points as, the particulate sample. If the grab sampling procedure is used, the O₂ concentration for the run shall be the arithmetic mean of the sample O₂ concentrations at all traverse points.

(iii) If the particulate run has more than 12 traverse points, the O₂ traverse points may be reduced to 12 provided that Method 1 of appendix A of this part is used to locate the 12 O₂ traverse points.

(3) Method 9 of appendix A of this part and the procedures in §60.11 shall be used to determine opacity.

(4) Method 6 of appendix A of this part shall be used to determine the SO₂ concentration.

(i) The sampling site shall be the same as that selected for the particulate sample. The sampling location in the duct shall be at the centroid of the cross section or at a point no closer to the walls than 1 m (3.28 ft). The sampling time and sample volume for each sample run shall be at least 20 minutes and 0.020 dscm (0.71 dscf). Two samples shall be taken during a 1-hour period, with each sample taken within a 30-minute interval.

(ii) The emission rate correction factor, integrated sampling and analysis procedure of Method 3B of appendix A of this part shall be used to determine the O₂ concentration (%O₂). The O₂ sample shall be taken simultaneously with, and at the same point as, the SO₂ sample. The SO₂ emission rate shall be computed for each pair of SO₂ and O₂ samples. The SO₂ emission rate (E) for each run shall be the arithmetic mean of the results of the two pairs of samples.

(5) Method 7 of appendix A of this part shall be used to determine the NO_X concentration.

(i) The sampling site and location shall be the same as for the SO₂ sample. Each run shall consist of four grab samples, with each sample taken at about 15-minute intervals.

(ii) For each NO_X sample, the emission rate correction factor, grab sampling and analysis procedure of Method 3B of appendix A of this part shall be used to determine the O₂ concentration (%O₂). The sample shall be taken simultaneously with, and at the same point as, the NO_X sample.

(iii) The NO_X emission rate shall be computed for each pair of NO_X and O₂ samples. The NO_X emission rate (E) for each run shall be the arithmetic mean of the results of the four pairs of samples.

(c) When combinations of fossil fuels or fossil fuel and wood residue are fired, the owner or operator (in order to compute the prorated standard as shown in §§60.43(b) and 60.44(b)) shall determine the percentage (w, x, y, or z) of the total heat input derived from each type of fuel as follows:

(1) The heat input rate of each fuel shall be determined by multiplying the gross calorific value of each fuel fired by the rate of each fuel burned.

(2) ASTM Methods D2015, or D5865 (solid fuels), D240 (liquid fuels), or D1826 (gaseous fuels) (all of these methods are incorporated by reference, see §60.17) shall be used to determine the gross calorific values of the fuels. The method used to determine the calorific value of wood residue must be approved by the Administrator.

(3) Suitable methods shall be used to determine the rate of each fuel burned during each test period, and a material balance over the steam generating system shall be used to confirm the rate.

(d) The owner or operator may use the following as alternatives to the reference methods and procedures in this section or in other sections as specified:

(1) The emission rate (E) of PM, SO₂ and NO_X may be determined by using the Fc factor, provided that the following procedure is used:

(i) The emission rate (E) shall be computed using the following equation:

Where:

E = Emission rate of pollutant, ng/J (lb/MMBtu);

C = Concentration of pollutant, ng/dscm (lb/dscf);

%CO₂ = CO₂ concentration, percent dry basis; and

F_c = Factor as determined in appropriate sections of Method 19 of appendix A of this part.

(ii) If and only if the average Fc factor in Method 19 of appendix A of this part is used to calculate E and either E is from 0.97 to 1.00 of the emission standard or the relative accuracy of a continuous emission monitoring system is from 17 to 20 percent, then three runs of Method 3B of appendix A of this part shall be used to determine the O₂ and CO₂ concentration according to the procedures in paragraph (b)(2)(ii), (4)(ii), or (5)(ii) of this section. Then if F_o (average of three runs), as calculated from the equation in Method 3B of appendix A of this part, is more than ±3 percent than the average F_o value, as determined from the average values of F_d and F_c in Method 19 of appendix A of this part, i.e., F_oa = 0.209 (F_da/F_ca), then the following procedure shall be followed:

(A) When F_o is less than 0.97 F_oa, then E shall be increased by that proportion under 0.97 F_oa, e.g., if F_o is 0.95 F_oa, E shall be increased by 2 percent. This recalculated value shall be used to determine compliance with the emission standard.

(B) When F_o is less than 0.97 F_oa and when the average difference (d) between the continuous monitor minus the reference methods is negative, then E shall be increased by that proportion under 0.97 F_oa, e.g., if F_o is 0.95 F_oa, E shall be increased by 2 percent. This recalculated value shall be used to determine compliance with the relative accuracy specification.

(C) When F_o is greater than 1.03 F_oa and when the average difference d is positive, then E shall be decreased by that proportion over 1.03 F_oa, e.g., if F_o is 1.05 F_oa, E shall be decreased by 2 percent. This recalculated value shall be used to determine compliance with the relative accuracy specification.

(2) For Method 5 or 5B of appendix A-3 of this part, Method 17 of appendix A-6 of this part may be used at facilities with or without wet FGD systems if the stack gas temperature at the sampling location does not exceed an average temperature of 160°C (320°F). The procedures of sections 8.1 and 11.1 of Method 5B of appendix A-3 of this part may be used with Method 17 of appendix A-6 of this part only if it is used after wet FGD systems. Method 17 of appendix A-6 of this part shall not be used after wet FGD systems if the effluent gas is saturated or laden with water droplets.

(3) Particulate matter and SO₂ may be determined simultaneously with the Method 5 of appendix A of this part train provided that the following changes are made:

(i) The filter and impinger apparatus in sections 2.1.5 and 2.1.6 of Method 8 of appendix A of this part is used in place of the condenser (section 2.1.7) of Method 5 of appendix A of this part.

(ii) All applicable procedures in Method 8 of appendix A of this part for the determination of SO₂ (including moisture) are used:

(4) For Method 6 of appendix A of this part, Method 6C of appendix A of this part may be used. Method 6A of appendix A of this part may also be used whenever Methods 6 and 3B of appendix A of this part data are specified to determine the SO₂ emission rate, under the conditions in paragraph (d)(1) of this section.

(5) For Method 7 of appendix A of this part, Method 7A, 7C, 7D, or 7E of appendix A of this part may be used. If Method 7C, 7D, or 7E of appendix A of this part is used, the sampling time for each run shall be at least 1 hour and the integrated sampling approach shall be used to determine the O₂ concentration (%O₂) for the emission rate correction factor.

(6) For Method 3 of appendix A of this part, Method 3A or 3B of appendix A of this part may be used.

(7) For Method 3B of appendix A of this part, Method 3A of appendix A of this part may be used.

[60 FR 65415, Dec. 19, 1995, as amended at 74 FR 5078, Jan. 28, 2009]