['Air Programs']
['Air Programs', 'Hazardous Air Pollutants', 'Air Quality', 'Stationary Emission Sources']
10/18/2024
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Stationary internal combustion engines (ICE)
Stationary internal combustion engines use pistons that alternatively move back and forth to convert pressure into rotating motion. They're commonly used at power and manufacturing plants to generate electricity and to power pumps and compressors. They are also used in emergencies to produce electricity and pump water for flood and fire control. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has recently finalized new air quality regulations that place requirements on owners and operators of a wide variety of stationary engines.
Stationary internal combustion engines are common combustion sources that collectively can have a significant impact on air quality and public health. The air toxics emitted from stationary engines include formaldehyde, acrolein, acetaldehyde, and methanol. Exposure to these air toxics may produce a wide variety of health difficulties for people including irritation of the eyes, skin and mucous membranes, and central nervous system problems.
EPA air quality requirements for stationary engines differ according to:
- whether the engine is new or existing, and
- whether the engine is located at an area source or major source and whether the engine is a compression ignition or a spark ignition engine. "Spark ignition" engines are further subdivided by power cycle (i.e., two vs. four stroke, and whether the engine is "rich burn" (burning with a higher amount of fuel as compared to air) or "lean burn" (less fuel compared to air) engine.
Several regulations require stationary RICE to comply with federal requirements including:
- National Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) for Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines (RICE) – 40 CFR Part 63, Subpart ZZZZ ("the RICE rule").
- New Source Performance Standards (NSPS)- Standards of Performance for Stationary Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engines – 40 CFR Part 60 Subpart JJJJ), ("the Spark Ignition NSPS rule").
- Standards of Performance for Stationary Compression Ignition Internal Combustion Engines – 40 CFR Part 60 Subpart IIII ("the Compression Ignition NSPS rule").
Which types of engines are covered by the rules?
- Engines >500 Horsepower (HP) at major source of HAP:
Existing engines if constructed before December 19, 2002,
New engines if constructed on or after December 19, 2002, and
Reconstructed engines if reconstruction began on or after December 19, 2002.
- Engines ≤500 HP located at major source of HAP and engines of all horsepower located at an area source of HAP:
Existing engines if constructed before June 12, 2006,
New engines if constructed on or after June 12, 2006,
Reconstructed engines if reconstruction began on or after June 12, 2006.
Which types of engines are NOT covered by the rules?
- Motor vehicles, or to non-road
engines, which are:
- self-propelled (tractors, bulldozers),
- propelled while performing their function (lawnmowers),
- portable or transportable (has wheels, skids, carrying handles, dolly, trailer or platform).
Note: a portable non-road engine becomes stationary if it stays in one location for more than 12 months (or full annual operating period of a seasonal source). - Existing emergency engines located at residential,
institutional, or commercial area sources and not used for local
reliability. Engine must meet Subpart ZZZZ emergency engine
operational requirements:
- Unlimited use for emergencies (e.g., power outage, fire, flood),
- Emergency engines may operate for 100 hr/yr for maintenance/testing,
- 50 hr/yr of the 100 hr/yr
allocation can be used for:
- non-emergency situations if no financial arrangement,
- local reliability as part of a financial arrangement with another entity if specific criteria met (existing RICE at area sources of HAP only).
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['Air Programs']
['Air Programs', 'Hazardous Air Pollutants', 'Air Quality', 'Stationary Emission Sources']
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