['Air Programs']
['Hazardous Air Pollutants']
09/12/2024
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(a) The owner or operator of any existing affected BLR source shall, in order to demonstrate compliance with the applicable emission limits, determine the emission rate from all process vent, storage tank, and wastewater system emission points using the methods described below. Except as specified in paragraph (l) of this section, compliance tests shall be performed under normal operating conditions. Beginning no later than the compliance dates specified in §63.521(c), conduct subsequent performance tests no later than 60 calendar months after the previous performance test.
(1) Except as specified in paragraph (m) of this section, the owner or operator shall use the EPA test methods from 40 CFR part 60, listed in paragraphs (a)(1) (i) through (iii) of this section, to determine emissions from process vents. Testing of process vents on equipment operating as part of a continuous process will consist of conducting three 1-hour runs. Gas stream volumetric flow rates shall be measured every 15 minutes during each 1-hour run. Organic HAP or TOC concentration shall be determined from samples collected in an integrated sample over the duration of each 1-hour test run, or from grab samples collected simultaneously with the flow rate measurements (every 15 minutes). If an integrated sample is collected for laboratory analysis, the sampling rate shall be adjusted proportionally to reflect variations in flow rate. If the flow of gaseous emissions is intermittent, determination of emissions from process vents shall be performed according to the methods specified in paragraph (e) of this section. For process vents with continuous gas streams, the emission rate used to determine compliance shall be the average emission rate of the 3 test runs. For process vents with intermittent emission streams, the calculated emission rate or the emission rate from a single test run may be used to determine compliance.
(i) Method 1 or 1A of appendix A-1 to 40 CFR part 60 as appropriate, shall be used for selection of the sampling sites if the flow measuring device is a pitot tube. A traverse shall be conducted before and after each 1-hour sampling period. No traverse is necessary when using Method 2A or 2D of appendix A-2 to 40 CFR part 60 to determine flow rate.
(ii) Method 2, 2A, 2C or 2D of appendix A-1 to part 60 of this chapter, as appropriate, shall be used for the determination of gas stream volumetric flow rate. If Method 2 or 2C is used, the velocity measurements shall be made at a single point, in conjunction with the traverse, to establish an average velocity across the stack.
(iii) Method 25A and/or Methods 18 and 25A of appendices A-6 and A-7 to 40 CFR part 60, as appropriate, must be used to determine the concentration of HAP in the streams. ASTM D6420-18 (incorporated by reference, see §63.14) may also be used in lieu of Method 18, if the target compounds are all known and are all listed in Section 1.1 of ASTM D6420-18 as measurable; ASTM D6420-18 must not be used for methane and ethane; and ASTM D6420-18 may not be used as a total VOC method.
(iv) Initial determination of de minimis status for process vents may be made by engineering assessment, as specified in §63.526(a)(1)(iv).
(2) Emissions from wastewater treatment systems shall be determined in accordance with the methods described in 40 CFR part 63, appendix C.
(3) Emissions from storage tanks shall be calculated in accordance with the methods specified in §63.150(g)(3).
(b) The owner or operator of any existing affected BLR source shall determine a production-based emission rate for each emission point by dividing the emission rate of each emission point by the BLR production rate of the source. The production rate shall be based on normal operations.
(1) The production-based emission rate for process vents shall be calculated by dividing the average emission rate by the average production rate.
(2) The production-based emission rate for storage tanks shall be calculated by dividing annual emissions for each storage tank emission point by the production rate for a one-year period. The production rate shall be calculated using the same data used to calculate the production-based emission rate in paragraph (b)(1) of this section, converted to an annual rate.
(3) The production-based emission rate for wastewater systems shall be calculated by dividing annual emissions for each wastewater system emission point by the production rate for one-year period. The production rate shall be calculated using the same data used to calculate the production-based emission rate in paragraph (b)(1) of this section, converted to an annual rate.
(c) The owner or operator of an existing affected BLR source shall calculate the total emissions per product produced by summing the production-based emissions for all process vent, storage tank, and wastewater system emission points according to the following equation:
E=Σ PV + Σ ST + Σ WW
where:
E = emissions, pounds (lb) HAP per million (MM) lb product;
PV = process vent emissions, lb HAP/MM lb product;
ST = storage tank emissions, lb HAP/MM lb product; and
WW = wastewater system emissions, lb HAP/MM lb product.
The source is in compliance with the standard for process vents, storage tanks, and wastewater systems if the sum of the equation is less than the applicable emission limit from §63.523(a).
(d) The owner or operator of any new or reconstructed affected BLR source shall demonstrate compliance using the methods described in this section.
(1) Any owner or operator who elects to comply with §63.523(b) by achieving 98 percent control of emissions from process vents, storage tanks, and wastewater systems shall demonstrate compliance according to the requirements of paragraphs (d)(1) (i) through (iv) of this section.
(i) The owner or operator shall perform testing as specified in paragraph (a)(1) of this section to determine controlled and uncontrolled emissions from process vents. Sampling points for determining uncontrolled emissions shall be located based on the definition of uncontrolled process vents in §63.523(b)(1).
(ii) The owner or operator shall calculate controlled and uncontrolled emissions from storage tanks in accordance with the methods specified in §63.150(g)(3).
(iii) The owner or operator shall determine controlled and uncontrolled emissions from wastewater systems using the methodology of 40 CFR part 63, appendix C. Uncontrolled emission calculations shall be consistent with the definition of uncontrolled wastewater system emissions in §63.523(b)(3).
(iv) The owner or operator shall calculate the percent reduction in emissions from process vents, storage tanks, and wastewater systems combined. The affected source is in compliance if the emission reduction is greater than or equal to 98 percent.
(2) Any owner or operator who elects to comply with §63.523(b) by limiting HAP emissions from process vents, storage tanks, and wastewater systems to 5,000 pounds per year or less shall demonstrate compliance according to the requirements of paragraphs (d)(2) (i) and (ii) of this section.
(i) Emissions from process vents, storage tanks, and wastewater systems shall be determined according to paragraphs (a) (1) through (3) of this section. Emissions shall be converted to annual emissions. Annual emission calculations shall reflect production levels representative of normal operating conditions.
(ii) The owner or operator shall calculate total emissions from all process vent, storage tank, and wastewater system emission points. The affected source is in compliance with the standard if total emissions are less than or equal to 5,000 lb/yr.
(3) To demonstrate compliance with the process vent dioxins and furans emission limit, the owner or operator must use the procedures of paragraph (m) of this section.
(e) The owner or operator of any existing, new, or reconstructed WSR source that is subject to the emission limit for process vents, storage tanks, and wastewater systems shall demonstrate compliance by determining emissions for all process vent, storage tank, and wastewater systems emission points using the methods described in this section. The owner or operator of any existing, new, or reconstructed WSR source that is subject to the process vent dioxins and furans emission limit must demonstrate compliance by following the procedures in paragraph (e)(3) of this section. Beginning no later than the compliance dates specified in §63.521(c), conduct subsequent performance tests no later than 60 calendar months after the previous performance test.
(1) Emissions of HAP reactor process vents shall be calculated for each batch emission episode according to the methodologies described in paragraph (e)(1) of this section.
(i) Emissions from vapor displacement due to transfer of material into or out of the reactor shall be calculated according to the following equation:
where:
E = mass emission rate;
yi = saturated mole fraction of HAP in the vapor phase;
V = volume of gas displaced from the vessel;
R = ideal gas law constant;
T = temperature of the vessel vapor space; absolute;
PT = pressure of the vessel vapor space; and
MW = molecular weight of the HAP.
(ii) Emissions from reactor purging shall be calculated using the methodology described in paragraph (e)(1)(i) of this section, except that for purge flow rates greater than 100 standard cubic feet per minute (scfm), the mole fraction of HAP will be assumed to be 25 percent of the saturated value.
(iii) Emissions caused by heating of the reactor vessel shall be calculated according to the following methodology:
where:
E = mass of HAP vapor displaced from the vessel being heated up;
(Pi)Tn = partial pressure of each HAP in the vessel headspace at initial (n = 1) and final (n = 2) temperature;
Pa1 = initial gas pressure in the vessel;
Pa2 = final gas pressure; and
MWHAP = the average molecular weight of HAP present in the vessel.
The moles of gas displaced is represented by:
where:
Δη = number of lb-moles of gas displaced;
V = volume of free space in the vessel;
R = ideal gas law constant;
Pa1 = initial gas pressure in the vessel;
Pa2 = final gas pressure;
T1 = initial temperature of vessel; and
T2 = final temperature of vessel.
The initial pressure of the noncondensable gas in the vessel shall be calculated according to the following equation:
where:
Pa1 = initial partial pressure of gas in the vessel headspace;
Patm = atmospheric pressure; and
(Pic)T1 = initial partial pressure of each condensable volatile organic compound (including HAP) in the vessel headspace, at the initial temperature (T1).
The average molecular weight of HAP in the displaced gas shall be calculated as follows:
where n is the number of different HAP compounds in the emission stream.
(2) Emissions of HAP from process vents may be measured directly. The EPA Test Methods listed in paragraph (e)(2) (i) through (iii) of this section, from 40 CFR part 60, appendix A, shall be used to demonstrate compliance with the requirements of §63.524 by direct measurement. Testing shall be performed for every batch emission episode of the unit operation. Gas stream volumetric flow rates shall be measured at 15-minute intervals, or at least once during each batch emission episode. Organic HAP or TOC concentration shall be determined from samples collected in an integrated sample over the duration of each episode, or from grab samples collected simultaneously with the flow rate measurements (every 15 minutes). If an integrated sample is collected for laboratory analysis, the sampling rate shall be adjusted proportionally to reflect variations in flow rate. Test conditions shall represent the normal operating conditions under which the data used to calculate the production rate are taken.
(i) Method 1 or 1A of 40 CFR part 60, appendix A, as appropriate, shall be used for selection of the sampling sites if the flow measuring device is a pitot tube. A traverse shall be conducted before and after each sampling period. No traverse is necessary when using Method 2A or 2D.
(ii) Method 2,2A, 2C or 2D of 40 CFR part 60, appendix A, as appropriate, shall be used for the determination of gas stream volumetric flow rate. If Method 2 or 2C is used, the velocity measurements shall be made at a single point than can be used, in conjunction with the traverse, to establish an average velocity across the stack.
(iii) Method 25A and/or Methods 18 and 25A of appendices A-6 and A-7 to 40 CFR part 60, as appropriate, must be used to determine the concentration of HAP in the streams. ASTM D6420-18 (incorporated by reference, see §63.14) may also be used in lieu of Method 18, if the target compounds are all known and are all listed in Section 1.1 of ASTM D6420-18 as measurable; ASTM D6420-18 must not be used for methane and ethane; and ASTM D6420-18 may not be used as a total VOC method.
(iv) The owner or operator may choose to perform tests only during those periods of the episode in which the emission rate for the entire episode can be determined, or when the emissions are greater than the average emission rate of the episode. The owner or operator who chooses either of these options must develop an emission profile for the entire batch emission episode, based on either process knowledge or test data collected, to demonstrate that test periods are representative. Examples of information that could constitute process knowledge include calculations based on material balances, and process stoichiometry. Previous test results may be used provided the results are still relevant to the current process vent stream conditions.
(v) For batch emission episodes of duration greater than 8 hours, the owner or operator is required to perform a maximum of 8 hours of testing. The test period must include the period of time in which the emission rate is predicted by the emission profile to be greater than average emission rate for the batch emission episode.
(3) To demonstrate compliance with the process vent dioxins and furans emission limit, the owner or operator must use the procedures of paragraph (m) of this section. Testing shall be performed for each unit operation.
(f) The owner or operator of any affected WSR source that is subject to the emissions limit for process vents, storage tanks, and wastewater systems shall calculate emissions from storage tanks in accordance with the methods specified in §63.150(g)(3).
(g) The owner or operator of any affected WSR source that is subject to the emission limit for process vents, storage tanks, and wastewater systems shall calculate emissions from wastewater treatment systems (if applicable) in accordance with the methods described in 40 CFR part 63, appendix C.
(h) The owner or operator of any affected WSR source that is subject to the emission limit for process vents, storage tanks, and wastewater systems shall calculate the average amount of WSR product manufactured per batch, using data from performance tests or from emission calculations, as applicable, to determine the average WSR production per-batch production data for an annual period representing normal operating conditions.
* * * * *
(i) The owner or operator of any affected BLR source or any affected WSR source that is subject to the requirements of subpart H of this part must demonstrate the ability of its specific program to meet the compliance requirements therein to achieve initial compliance.
(j) For each existing, new, or reconstructed affected BLR and WSR source, beginning no later than the compliance dates specified in §63.521(c), owners and operators of sources as defined in §63.520 shall comply with the requirements of this subpart at all times, except during periods of nonoperation of the source (or specific portion thereof) resulting in cessation of the emissions to which this subpart applies.
(k) For each existing, new, or reconstructed affected BLR and WSR source, beginning no later than the compliance dates specified in §63.521(c), at all times, owners and operators must operate and maintain any source, including associated air pollution control equipment and monitoring equipment, in a manner consistent with safety and good air pollution control practices for minimizing emissions. The general duty to minimize emissions does not require owners and operators to make any further efforts to reduce emissions if levels required by the applicable standard have been achieved. Determination of whether a source is operating in compliance with operation and maintenance requirements will be based on information available to the Administrator which may include, but is not limited to, monitoring results, review of operation and maintenance procedures, review of operation and maintenance records, and inspection of the source.
(l) For each existing, new, or reconstructed affected BLR and WSR source, beginning no later than the compliance dates specified in §63.521(c), the owner or operator may not conduct performance tests during periods of malfunction. Owners and operators must record the process information that is necessary to document operating conditions during the test and include in such record an explanation to support that such conditions represent normal operation. Upon request, owners and operators must make available to the Administrator such records as may be necessary to determine the conditions of performance tests.
(m) Except as specified in paragraph (m)(7) of this section, to demonstrate compliance with the process vent dioxins and furans emission limit, the owner or operator must conduct a performance test using the procedures in paragraphs (m)(1) through (m)(6) of this section. Conduct subsequent performance tests no later than 60 calendar months after the previous performance test.
(1) The performance test must consist of three test runs. Collect at least 3 dry standard cubic meters of gas per test run.
(2) Use Method 1 or 1A of 40 CFR part 60, appendix A-1 to select the sampling sites at the sampling location. The sampling location must be at the outlet of the final control device.
(3) Determine the gas volumetric flowrate using Method 2, 2A, 2C, or 2D of 40 CFR part 60, appendix A-2.
(4) Use Method 4 of 40 CFR part 60, appendix A-3 to convert the volumetric flowrate to a dry basis.
(5) Measure the concentration of each tetra- through octa-chlorinated dioxin and furan congener emitted using Method 23 at 40 CFR part 60, appendix A-7.
(i) For each dioxin and furan congener, multiply the congener concentration by its corresponding toxic equivalency factor specified in table 2 to this subpart. For determination of toxic equivalency, zero may be used for congeners with a concentration less than the estimated detection limit (EDL). For congeners with estimated maximum pollutant concentration (EMPC) results, if the value is less than the EDL, zero may be used. Otherwise, the EMPC value must be used in the calculation of toxic equivalency.
(ii) Sum the products calculated in accordance with paragraph (m)(5)(i) of this section to obtain the total concentration of dioxins and furans emitted in terms of toxic equivalency.
(6) The concentration of dioxins and furans shall be corrected to 3 percent oxygen. Use Method 3A of 40 CFR part 60, appendix A to determine the oxygen concentration (%O 2d). Method 3A of 40 CFR part 60, appendix A must be run concurrently with Method 23 of 40 CFR part 60, appendix A-7. The concentration corrected to 3 percent oxygen (C c) shall be computed using the following equation:
Where:
C c = Concentration of dioxins and furans corrected to 3 percent oxygen, dry basis, nanograms per standard cubic meter.
C m = Concentration of dioxins and furans, dry basis, nanograms per standard cubic meter.
%O 2 d = Concentration of oxygen, dry basis, percent by volume.
(7) An owner or operator is not required to conduct a performance test when either a boiler or process heater burning hazardous waste, or hazardous waste incinerator, is used for which the owner or operator:
(A) Has been issued a final permit under part 270 of this chapter and complies with the requirements of 40 CFR part 266, subpart H;
(B) Has certified compliance with the interim status requirements of part 266, subpart H, of this chapter;
(C) Meets the requirement specified in paragraph (g)(7)(i)(E) of this section, and has submitted a Notification of Compliance under §63.1207(j) and complies with the requirements of subpart EEE of this part; or
(D) Meets the requirement specified in paragraph (g)(7)(i)(E) of this section, complies with subpart EEE of this part, and will submit a Notification of Compliance under §63.1207(j) by the date the owner or operator would have been required to submit the initial performance test report for this subpart.
(E) The owner and operator may not waive performance testing pursuant to §63.1207(d)(4) and each performance test required by §63.1207(d) must show compliance with the dioxins and furans emission limit specified in §63.523(e) and §63.524(a)(3) and (b)(3), as applicable.
[89 FR 43067, May 16, 2024]
['Air Programs']
['Hazardous Air Pollutants']