Overhead and gantry cranes - Michigan

Michigan does not follow federal OSHA standards for overhead and gantry cranes.  Instead, it follows its own state-specific regulations and standards. 

Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs (LARA) oversees implementation of these regulations, which includes the following safety standards for both general industry and construction. 

Employer responsibilities  

An employer's responsibilities regarding the use of overhead and gantry cranes include the following: 

• Manufacturer specifications. An employer must comply with the manufacturer's specifications and limitations applicable to the operation of cranes.  
  • If a manufacturer's specifications are not available, then the limitations assigned to the equipment must be based on the determination of a qualified engineer who is competent in the field of equipment limitations, and the determination must be appropriately documented and recorded.  
  • Attachments that are used with cranes must not exceed the capacity, rating, or scope recommended by the manufacturer. 
• Inspector qualifications. An employer must designate a qualified person to perform all inspections of cranes. 
• Crane use limitations. An employer must limit the use of a crane to the following entities: 
  • An employee who has been trained and qualified to operate the type of crane to which he or she is assigned. 
  • A learner who is under the direct supervision of a designated operator. 
  • Designated maintenance personnel while performing their duties. 
• Maintenance. An employer must maintain a crane and its accessories in a condition that will not endanger an operator or other employees. 
• Modification. The original safety factor of the equipment must not be reduced if modifications or changes are made to the equipment.  
  • Modifications or changes must be certified by a qualified registered engineer. 
  • The capacity, operation, and maintenance instruction plates, tags, or decals must be changed accordingly to reflect any modifications or changes. 
• Other applicable requirements. An employer must comply with all other applicable requirements of this standard. 
• Operator manual. The manual provided by the crane manufacturer must be readily accessible for the crane operator's reference at the work site. 

(R 408.11808).   

CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS 

Certification. Certification that erected or modified top running or gantry cranes conform to standards adopted by reference (R 408.11821). 

Marking of the rated capacity. The rated capacity of a crane must be legibly marked on each side of the crane. Markings must be legible from the ground or floor. Each load block of the hoisting units of the crane must be legibly marked with its individual rated capacity (R 408.11822(1)). 

Classifications. Each crane designed and manufactured after January 1, 1971, must have a service class rating as prescribed in "CMAA #70--Specifications for Top Running Bridge and Gantry Type Multiple Girder Electric Overhead Traveling Cranes," 1970 edition, as shown in Appendix B. Additionally the service class rating must be legibly marked on each crane (R 408.11822(2)).

Clearance. Clearance from obstructions shall be a minimum of 3 inches overhead and 2 inches laterally between the crane and any obstruction. Runways of parallel cranes that do not have an intervening wall or structure shall have adequate clearance between the 2 bridges. The crane cab must be located to afford a minimum of 3 inches clearance from all fixed structures within its area of possible movement (R 408.11822(3)-(5)). 

Safety factor for hoisting cables. The designed safety factor for the hoisting cable is as follows: 

• A hot metal crane must be not less than eight. 
• Any other crane must be not less than five.  

(R 408.11823). 

Wire rope. Michigan sets forth specific rules for the use of a wire rope on a crane. These rules include the following: 

• Circumstances requiring wire rope repair or replacement. 
• Discarded wire rope may not be reused on any load-carry device. 
• Wire rope bent to form an eye must have a metal thimble. 
• How to properly seize, cut, and end fit a wire rope.  
• Wire rope with an independent wire rope core must be used on all molten metal applications and in an area where the environmental atmosphere will cause deterioration of a hemp center. 
• Wire rope must be stored in a manner to prevent damage or deterioration. 
• The unreeling or uncoiling of wire rope must be done as recommended by the rope manufacturer and with care to avoid kinking or inducing a twist. 
• Rope clips attached with U-bolts must have the U-bolts on the dead or short end of the rope. Spacing and number of all types of clips should be in accordance with the clip manufacturer's recommendation. Clips must be drop-forged steel in all sizes manufactured commercially. When a newly installed rope has been in operation for an hour, all nuts on the clip bolts must be retightened.  
• Replacement rope must meet or exceed the original specifications set forth by the crane manufacturer. 
• If a load is supported by more than one part of rope, then the tension in the parts must be equalized. 

(R 408.11824).   

Hooks and load blocks. A crane hook must be discarded if either of the following applies: 

• The throat opening is more than 15 percent greater than the manufactured size. 
• The hook has more than a 10-degree twist from a vertical center line drawn through the hook socket. 

A hook must be equipped with a latch, unless the application makes the use of a latch impractical as determined by a qualified person. When required, a latch must be provided to bridge the throat opening of the hook for the purpose of retaining slings, chains, or other equipment, under slack conditions. Load blocks must be of the enclosed type and must be guarded against rope jamming during normal operations (R 408.11825). 

Sheaves. The following rules apply to sheaves: 

• Sheave grooves must be smooth and free from defects that could cause rope damage. 
• Sheaves carrying ropes that can be momentarily unloaded must be provided with close fitting guards or other suitable devices to guide the rope back into the groove when the load is applied again. 
• Sheaves in the bottom block must be equipped with close fitting guards that will prevent ropes from becoming fouled when the block is lying on the ground with ropes loose. 
• Pockets and flanges of sheaves used with hoist chains must be of dimensions that the chain does not catch or bind during operation. 
• All running sheaves must be equipped with means for lubrication. Permanently lubricated, sealed, or shielded bearings meet this requirement.  

(R 408.11827). 

Trolley stops. Stops must be provided at the limits of travel of the trolley. The stops must be fastened to resist the forces applied when contacted. A stop engaging the tread of the wheel must be of a height not less than that of the wheel radius. A stop which engages other parts of the crane is preferable (R 408.11832). 

Bumpers. A crane must have bumpers or other automatic means providing equivalent effect, unless: 

• The crane travels at a slow rate of speed and has a faster deceleration rate due to the use of sleeve bearings,  
• It is not operated near the ends of bridge and trolley travel,  
• It is restricted to a limited distance by the nature of the crane operation and there is no hazard of striking any object in the limited distance, or  
• It is used in similar operating conditions.   

The bumpers must be capable of stopping the crane, not including the lifted load, at an average rate of deceleration of not more than 3 feet/s/s (per second, per second) when traveling in either direction at 20 percent of the rated load speed. Bumpers must have: 

• Sufficient energy-absorbing capacity to stop the crane when traveling at a speed of not less than 40 percent of rated load speed, and  
• Be mounted so that there is no direct shear on bolts. 

Bumpers must be designed and installed to minimize parts falling from the crane in case of breakage (R 408.11833(1)-(2)). 

Trolley bumpers. A trolley must be provided with bumpers or other automatic means of equivalent effect, unless: 

• The trolley travels at a slow rate of speed,  
• It is not operated near the ends of bridge and trolley travel,  
• It is restricted to a limited distance of the runway and there is no hazard of striking any object in the limited distance, or  
• It is used in similar operating conditions.  

The bumpers must be capable of stopping the trolley, not including the lifted load, at an average rate of deceleration of not more than 4.7 feet/s/s (per second, per second) when traveling in either direction at 1/3 of the rated load speed.  

• When more than one trolley is operated on the same bridge, each must be equipped with bumpers or equivalent on their adjacent ends; and 
• Bumpers or equivalent must be designed and installed to minimize parts falling from the trolley in case of broken or loosened mounting connections. 

(R 408.11833(3)). 

Rail sweeps.  Bridge trucks must be equipped with rail sweeps that extend below the top of the rail and project in front of the truck wheels (R 408.11833(4)). 

Ladders, foot-walks, stairways, and escape devices:   

• Access to the car or bridge walkway must be by a conveniently placed fixed ladder, stairs, or platform requiring no step over any gap exceeding 12 inches. Fixed ladders must comply with General Industry Safety and Health Standard Part 2 "Walking-Working Surfaces," as referenced in R 408.11807. 
• A foot-walk or cat-walk must have a guardrail system as prescribed in General Industry Safety and Health Standard Part 2 "Walking-Working Surfaces," as referenced in R 408.11807. A foot-walk must be of rigid construction and designed to sustain a distributed load of not less than 50 pounds per square foot and must have an anti-slip surface. 
• An employer must ensure that a safe method of escape is provided in case of fire or other emergency situation on a cab-operated crane. 
• A gantry crane must have fixed ladders or stairways extending from the ground to the foot-walk or cab platform. 
• Toe-boards and handrails for foot-walks must comply with General Industry Safety and Health Standard Part 2 "Walking-Working Surfaces," as referenced in R 408.11807. 
• Ladders must be permanently and securely fastened in place and constructed in compliance with General Industry Safety and Health Standard Part 2 "Walking-Working Surfaces," as referenced in R 408.11807. 

(R 408.11835). 

Brakes and restraints. An overhead or gantry crane bridge which is powered must be equipped with an operable brake, non-coasting mechanical drive, or other means of braking. The brake or drive must be capable of stopping the bridge within a distance, in feet, equal to 10 percent of the full load speed in feet per minute when traveling at full speed with full load. A trolley of a crane must meet the same requirements (R 408.11841(1)-(2)). 

A crane that is being used out-of-doors must have a positive mechanical restraint, such as, but not limited to, an automatic rail clamp, to secure the crane against wind movement while parked. If clamps act on the rail heads, beads or weld flash on the rail heads shall be ground off. A positive mechanical restraint must be used when the crane is parked in an area where the potential exposure to wind is prevalent (R 408.11841(3)). 

Crane controls. The following rules apply to crane controls: 

• A pendant, radio, cab, pulpit control station, and a controller in a cab operated crane must be permanently identified by function and direction. Control boxes must be constructed to prevent electrical shock. 
• Rope controls for a floor-operated crane must be equipped with an arrow attached to the rope showing the direction of travel when the rope is pulled. 
• A pendant, radio, cab, or pulpit control station must be equipped with a positive stop device, colored red, to disconnect all motors. 
• A crane must be equipped with a main switch which can be locked out. An employer must establish a written lockout procedure which must be used in connection with R 408.11872 (frequent and periodic inspections) and R 408.11875 (maintenance). Lockout must conform to the requirements prescribed in General Industry Safety Standard Part 85 "The Control of Hazardous Energy Sources, (Lockout/Tagout)," as referenced in R 408.11807. 
• A controller on a rope, pendant, or radio-controlled crane, when released from the "on" position, must automatically return to the "off" position. 
• A transmitter for a radio-controlled crane must be stored in a locked cabinet or in a supervised storage area when not in use. 
• All cranes must have an operable over-travel limit switch in the hoisting direction. The switch must be located so that it is tripped under all conditions to prevent contact of the hook or block with the hoist. 
• A crane that is not equipped with spring return controllers or momentary contact push buttons must have a device which will disconnect all motors from the line if power fails and which will not permit restarting until the controller handle is brought to the off position or a reset switch or button is operated. 
• The control circuit voltage must not be more than 600 volts for A.C. or D.C. current. 
• The voltage at pendant push-buttons must not be more than 150 volts for A.C. and 300 volts for D.C. 
• If multiple conductor cable is used with a suspended push-button station, then the station must be supported in a manner that will protect the electrical conductors against strain. 
• Cab-operated cranes will have lever-operated manual controllers and master switches that have a spring-return arrangement, off-point detent, or off-point latch. The controller operating handle must be located within reach of the operator and, as far as practicable, the movement of each controller handle must be in the same general directions of the resultant movements of the load. 
• Equipment and wiring must be as prescribed in General Industry Safety Standard Part 39 "Design Safety Standards for Electrical Systems," as referenced in R 408.11807. 
• The control for the bridge and trolley travel must be located so that the operator can face the direction of travel. 
• Push buttons in pendant stations must return to the above position when released by the operator. 
• Automatic cranes must be designed so that all motions will failsafe if any malfunction of operation occurs. 
• A remote-operated crane must function so that if the control signal for any crane motion becomes ineffective, the crane motion will stop. 

(R 408.11843). 

Equipment. Rules for crane equipment include the following: 

• Electrical equipment must be located or enclosed so that live parts are not exposed to accidental contact under normal operating conditions. 
• Electric equipment must be protected from dirt, grease, oil, and moisture.  Guards for live parts must be substantial and located so that they cannot be accidentally deformed to make contact with live parts. 
• Enclosures for resistors must have openings to provide adequate ventilation and must be installed to prevent the accumulation of combustible matter too near to hot parts. Resistor units must be supported to be free as possible from vibration. 
• The power supply to the runway conductors must be controlled by a switch or circuit breaker that is located on a fixed structure, is accessible from the floor, and is capable of being locked in the open position.  
  • A switch or circuit breaker that is of the enclosed type and is capable of being locked in the open position must be provided in the leads from the runway conductors on a cab-operated or floor-operated crane.  
    • A means of opening the switch or circuit must be located within reach of the operator.  
    • The disconnect must be mounted on the bridge or foot-walks near the runway conductors.  
  • One of the following types of floor-operated disconnects must be provided: 
    • Nonconductive rope attached to the main switch. 
    • An under-voltage trip for the main circuit breaker operated by an emergency stop button in the pendant push button in the pendant push-button station.
    • A main line contactor operated by a switch or push-button in the pendant pushbutton station. 
• A crane using a lifting magnet must have a separate magnet circuit switch that is of the enclosed type and is capable of being locked in the open position. A means for discharging the inductive load of the magnet must be provided. 
• Runway conductors of the open type mounted on the crane runway beams or overhead must be located or guarded so that persons entering or leaving the cab or crane foot-walk will not come in contact with them. On the effective date of this rule, open type conductors must not be installed on cab-operated runway beams. 
• When a service receptacle for an extension lamp is provided in the cab or on the bridge of a cab-operated crane, it must be a grounded 3-prong type permanent receptacle and must not be more than 300 volts.   

(R 408.1844). 

Warning devices. A crane must be equipped with a warning device, such as a flashing light, horn, bell, or siren. An operator must use a warning device before starting and intermittently while traveling in an occupied area. 

A wind-indicating device must be provided on an outdoor storage gantry type crane and on an outdoor overhead crane. The device must give a visual or audible alarm to the operator at a predetermined wind velocity to be determined by the employer in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendation or design (R 408.11845). 

Tool storage, fire extinguishers, and good housekeeping. Tools and other necessary articles must be stored in a secure container and not allowed to be loose, in or about a crane.  

A class "C" or multipurpose fire extinguisher must be accessible to the crane operator of a cab-operated crane. A carbon tetrachloride extinguisher must not be used. An employer must ensure that the crane operator is knowledgeable in the operation of the fire extinguishers. 

Good housekeeping must be maintained at all times. The crane operator must keep the access area and the crane cab clear of all loose objects such as tools, bolts, boards, rags, or other materials (R 408.11847). 

CRANE OPERATORS AND OPERATIONS 

Operator qualifications. An employer must be able to demonstrate that an employee is trained and qualified to operate a crane prior to authorizing the employee to operate a crane (R 408.11851). 

Operator training. An employer must train a prospective operator before the employee's assignment as an operator of a crane. An employer must ensure that a designated individual authorized by the employer to perform the training has the knowledge, training, and experience to train and to evaluate the competence of the prospective operator and to provide refresher training to an operator when it is required. Training must consist of a combination of formal instruction, practical training, and testing of the operator's performance, as required by R 408.11853. 

Training must include all of the following: 

• Capacities of equipment and attachments. 
• Purpose, use, and limitation of controls. 
• How to make daily checks. 
• The energizing sequences, including pneumatic, hydraulic, and electrical sequences. 
• Start-up and shutdown procedures. 
• Emergency shutdown procedures. 
• General operating procedures. 
• All basic signaling procedures, including hand, radio, or telephone signals. 
• Knowledge of this standard and other applicable MIOSHA standards, and company rules and regulations. 
• Practice in operating the assigned equipment through the mechanical functions necessary to perform the required task. 
• Maximum rated capacity of the crane. 

Maintenance personnel, crane inspectors, and all other users of the crane must also be trained based on the above requirements. 

Refresher training in relevant topics must be provided to an operator if: 

• An operator has been observed operating the crane in an unsafe manner. 
• An operator has been involved in an accident or a near-miss incident. 
• An operator has received an evaluation that reveals that the operator is not operating the crane safely. 
• An operator is assigned to a different type of crane. 
• A condition in the workplace changes that could affect safe operation of the crane. 

A rigger must be trained in all of the following: 

• The requirements of an operator. 
• Knowledge of General Industry Safety Standard Part 49 "Slings," as referenced in R 408.11807. 
• Knowledge of General Industry Safety and Health Standard Part 33 "Personal Protective Equipment," as referenced in R 408.11807. 
• Maximum capacity of the crane. 
• Rigging procedures. 
• Company rules and regulations. 

(R 408.11852). 

Testing. An employer must test the knowledge and ability of an employee before authorizing him or her to operate a crane. The test must determine all of the following: 

• Ability to operate the equipment through its functions is necessary to perform the required jobs. 
• Knowledge of equipment. 
• Knowledge of daily checks and inspection requirements. 
• Knowledge of applicable MIOSHA standards and company rules and regulations. 

A performance test must be given to determine that the employee can operate the assigned crane or cranes through the functions necessary to perform the required task (R 408.11853). 

Limitations on crane use. An employer must limit the use of a crane to: 

• An employee who is trained and is qualified to operate the type of crane to which he or she is assigned. 
• A learner under the direct supervision of a designated operator. 
• Designated maintenance personnel while performing their duties. 

An employer must also: 

• Establish and enforce a safe procedure, applicable to authorized employees, for boarding and leaving an overhead cab-operated crane.  
• Assure that an unauthorized employee does not enter a crane cab or pulpit.  
• Limit the use of a crane to its maximum rated capacity, except during rated load test as prescribed in R 408.11874.

(R 408.11855). 

Reporting defects. An operator must report any defects in a crane to the supervisor (R 408.11857). 

Personal protective equipment. An operator and an employee directing a lift must use the personal protective devices required in the area. If the top of the load is not lifted to a height of more than 5 feet, then the load is not considered an overhead hazard (R 408.11859). 

General crane operator conduct. An operator, when starting on duty must: 

• Not close the main switch or emergency contactor until checking to see if anyone is on the crane and if a warning sign is on the crane, hook, or main switch. 
• Test all controls, limit switches, and brakes. When a load approaches the rated load, the operator must test the hoisting brakes by raising the load a few inches and applying the brakes.  

In addition: 

• A hoisting limit switch on a crane or hoisting means must not be used as an operating control unless the crane is also equipped with a backup limit switch. 
• A load must not be lowered below a point where less than two full wraps of wire rope remain on the hoisting drum. 
• If there is doubt concerning the safety of a crane or hoisting means, then an operator must stop the crane and report the condition creating the doubt to the supervisor. 
• In case of power failure, an operator must place all controllers in the "off" position. 
• An operator leaving a crane unattended must land any attached load, place the controllers in the "off" position, and open the main switch. Before closing the main switch, the operator must make sure all controllers are in the "off" position. The main switch need not be opened on a pendant-controlled crane if the crane is left unattended for short periods. 

(R 408.11861). 

Signals. An operator must respond to signals only from the employee directing a lift. However, he must obey at all times an emergency stop signal from any employee. The signals given to an operator must conform to Table 1. When two or more cranes are used to lift a load, a designated employee must give all signals (R 408.11863). 

Lifting rules: 

• An operator of a crane must not carry a load over an employee. 
• A crane must not be used to make a side pull, except where it has been specifically established by a qualified person who has determined all of the following: 
  • Various parts of the crane will not be overstressed. 
  • The hoist rope will not bear or rub against other members of the crane, such as the girders or trolley frame, except members specifically designed for such contact. 
  • A side pull will not cause the hoist rope to be pulled out of the sheaves or across drum grooves. 
  • A side pull will not result in excessive swinging of the load block or load. 
• Compressed gases must be lifted only by a cradle or enclosed platform. 
• An employee must not ride a hoisting device, such as a magnet, hook, ball, or load, except on a work platform. The work platform must meet all of the requirements as prescribed in Construction Safety Standard Part 10 "Cranes and Derricks," as referenced in R 408.11807. 
• The work platform must be suspended from the top four corners and fastened to the structural floor member and must have the point of suspension at the hook fixed so that it cannot be accidentally disengaged. 
• When attaching or moving a load, the operator, rigger, or hooker must make sure that: 
  • The hoisting rope or chain is free of kinks or twists and not wrapped around the load. 
  • The load is attached to the load block hook by means of a sling or other approved device. 
  • The sling and load will clear all obstacles or obstructions. 
  • The load is balanced and secured before lifting the load more than a few inches. 
  • Multiple lines are not twisted around each other. 
  • The hook is brought over the load in a manner to prevent swinging. 
  • There is no sudden acceleration or deceleration of the moving load. 

(R 408.11865). 

Initial and shift inspections. New, reinstalled, altered, repaired, and modified cranes must be inspected by a designated person before initial use to verify compliance with applicable provisions of these rules. Inspection of altered, repaired, and modified cranes may be limited to the provisions affected by the alteration, repair, or modification, as determined by a qualified person. 

At the beginning of each shift during which a crane is used, visual inspections must be made in accordance with Table 2 in R 408.11871. A visual inspection must be limited to that which can be made from a cat-walk or other safe observation point. Any defects must be reported to a supervisor (R 408.11871). 

Frequent and periodic inspections. Inspections must be made as designated in R 408.11872 Table 3 therein. 

• An employer must establish an inspection schedule based on usage and classification as described in R 408.11872 and Appendix B. 
• The inspection procedure for cranes in regular service is divided into two general classifications, frequent or periodic, based upon the intervals at which inspection should be performed. The intervals in turn are dependent upon the nature of the critical components of the crane and the degree of its exposure to wear, deterioration, or malfunction.  
• Each crane designed and manufactured prior to January 1, 1971, must be inspected at least monthly. The inspection schedule may be modified based on documented inspection and repair history and a qualified person's recommendations. 

Frequent inspection includes examinations by a designated person who makes required records, as follows: 

• Monthly to quarterly (class C) or at intervals of 100 hours of use, whichever comes first. Frequent inspection includes observations during operation and of items listed in Table 3. 
• A designated person must determine whether conditions found during the inspection constitute a hazard and whether a more detailed inspection is required. 

Periodic inspection includes inspection of the equipment in place by a designated person who makes records as listed in Table 3 and as follows:   

• Annually or at intervals of 500 hours of use, whichever comes first. Periodic inspections include observations during operation and of items listed in Table 3. 
• Conditions of extreme duty cycle, heat, and corrosive or climatic extremes indicate a need for more frequent inspections before use. 
• Cranes with multiple service classifications must be inspected in accordance with the highest rated duty classification. 
• A designated person must determine whether conditions found during an inspection constitute a hazard and whether disassembly is required for additional inspections. 

A crane which is used in infrequent service, that is, which has been idle for a period of one month or more, must be inspected before being placed in service (R 408.11872). 

Operational tests. Before a new or modified crane is put into operation or if a crane has not been used in the past 12 months, the equipment must be tested by a designated person to ensure compliance, including all of the following: 

• Hoisting and lowering. 
• Trolley travel. 
• Bridge travel. 
• Travel limiting devices. 
• Locking, limiting, and indicating devices, if provided. 

The trip setting of a hoist limit switch must be determined with an empty hook traveling in increasing speeds up to the maximum speed. The actuating mechanism of the limit switch must be located so that it will trip the switch, under all conditions, in time to prevent contact of the hook or hook block with any part of the trolley. 

When a crane is given a load test, the test load must be not more than 125 percent of the rated load. The test reports must be maintained on a file within the premises where the crane is located (R 408.11873). 

Rated load test. Before initial use, all new, extensively repaired, and altered cranes must be tested and inspected by or under the direction of a designated or authorized person and a written report which confirms the load rating of the crane shall be furnished by the person. The load rating must not be more than 80 percent of the maximum load sustained during the test. Test loads must not be more than 125 percent of the rated load, unless otherwise recommended by the manufacturer. The test reports must be placed on file where readily available to appointed personnel (R 408.11874). 

Crane and accessory maintenance: 

• An employer must maintain a crane and its accessories in a condition that will not endanger an operator or other employee. A preventative maintenance program must be established and the program must be based on the manufacturer's recommendations and for the application as reviewed by a qualified person. 
• An unsafe condition on a crane determined by an inspection must be corrected by a designated trained employee or a qualified crane service company before the crane is put into operation. Designated repair personnel must have a thorough background in either mechanical or electrical operating systems, or both, and must also have a permit to operate the type of crane that is being serviced. 
• Before adjustments or repairs are commenced on a crane, all of the following precautions must be taken: 
  • A crane to be repaired must be moved to a location where it will cause the least interference with other moving equipment on the track or rails and operations in the area. 
  • Controllers must be placed in the "off" position. 
  • The main switch must be placed in the "off" or "open" position and locked out, except where power is necessary to adjust or service the crane. 
  • A warning sign or "out of order" sign must be placed at the operator control station. 
  • Illumination of not less than 15 footcandles intensity must be provided while maintenance is performed on a crane. 
• If any other crane uses the same runway, then a protective device must be used to prevent interference with the idle crane undergoing repairs. If the protective device is impracticable, then a signal person must be placed at a visual vantage point to warn the operator of the active crane when it reaches the limit of safe distance from the idle crane. 
• A crane that has been adjusted or repaired must not be returned to normal operation until all guards have been replaced, locks removed by those who installed them, or their supervisor, safety devices reactivated, and the maintenance equipment removed. 
• Manual lubrication on a crane must not begin until the main switch is placed in the “off” or “open’ position and locked out. 
• An accumulation of dirt on a crane that would create a hazardous condition must be removed. 

(R 408.11875).